Study On The“Bureaucratization Of Native Officers”in Dege Tusi

Dege Tusi has a long history and is one of the most influential tusi in the district of Kham.According to genealogical records,this family originated from the Ga family in the Tubo period,and later escaped the disaster and developed in Kham district.In the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty,they were under the management of the central government in indirect management.In the late Ming dynasty and early Qing Dynasty,the Dege clan grew rapidly and became the most powerful tribe in the region.Dege Chieftain surrendered in the seventh year of Yongzheng(1729)and was officially granted the chieftain post of Dege.Dege Tusi is located in the north of Kham region into Tibet channel,the geographical position is superior.In addition,Dege Chieftain actively cooperated with the imperial court in frontier campaigns,transportation and other matters,which made him a model chieftain praised by the imperial court.In the 11 th year of Yongzheng(1733),Dege chieftain was promoted to Dege Chieftain.After entrustment,Dege Tusi actively performed the duties of chieftain and obtained a broad jurisdiction through administration or merger.In the late Qianlong period,Dege Tusi became one of the four chieftain with the strongest strength and the most local influence in Kham district.After its heyday of development,the Dege Tusi gradually declined due to the succession problems within chieftain.In the middle of the 19 th century,after the rise of its neighbor,Mgonpo Rnamrgyal in Nyarong,they captured and plundered the declining Dege Tusi,which greatly weakened the power and reputation of the tusi.In order to express the gratitude of the local government of Tibet for sending troops to rescue them,Dege Tusi strengthened the contact with the local government of Tibet after the rebellion of Nyarong was put down.Then the Tibetan army took this as a stronghold and gradually intervened in the affairs of chieftain on the edge of Sichuan Province,making the local administration of unstable.In modern times,the invasion of foreign powers,especially Britain’s war of aggression against Tibet,aggravated the crisis in the southwest border area,so some officials proposed to change the management of the river border area to stabilize the border area.Dege tusi due to tusi position succession problems and lead to local headman divided into two factions,the internal situation is extremely unstable.The imperial officials made a preliminary proposal to change the management of Dege Tusi,but the conservative attitude of the central government led to the shelve of the management proposal which place in the edge of Sichuan Province including Dege.At the beginning of the 20 th century,the situation changed.On the one hand,the Qing government sent officials to try to reform in the edge of Sichuan Province area and achieved certain results.After the Batang rebellion,the diversion was blocked.Zhao Erfeng carried out large-scale counter-rebellion and diversion operation in the south of Kham area,which was affirmed and promoted by the Qing government.On the other hand,the struggle for succession of the position of Dege Tusi caused local turmoil.In 1908,the relatively weak Dorji Sangge sent its people to zhao Erfeng’s camp to request a change of flow.At that time,Zhao Erfeng’s operation in Tibet was blocked,and he intended to change the land and return to Dege.After the clearance of the Qing government,he went to Dege.The Dege Tusi migration officially began,after more than seven months of raids and suppression,and in the process of the initial operation of the migration.The content of Dege Tusi’s reform includes establishing states and counties,levying taxes,mining and paying classes,etc.And the Qing government to the Dege bureaucratization of native officers repeatedly played after discussion,to 1911 was officially approved.Bureaucratization of native officers,which is a political measure taken by the central government of the feudal dynasty to abolish the tusi and send officials to manage.It is an important way of transition from the indirect management to the actual governance of tusi.From the internal cause of the decline of the system,the external cause of the interference of the neighboring countries in different periods and the overall situation of the crisis in the national border area,we can conclude the necessity of the reform and return of the Dege Tusi.The influence of Dege Tusi reform was prominent.After the reform,the unity and security of the multi-ethnic country were maintained,local governance was stabilized,and local economic and social development was promoted.However,there is still a lack of thoroughness in reforming the current,and the residual forces of tusi influence local governance.Dege Tusi’s reform was the beginning of the large-scale bureaucratization of native officers in the edge of Sichuan Province,which has important reference value for the subsequent reform of all tusi in this place.