Hess’ Problem In Marx And Engels Moving Towards Scientific Socialism

Moses Hess was a famous 19th century German philosopher and early communist.Hess was not only the first activist to promote communist ideology,but also the founder of German philosophical communism,known as the father of German socialism.Hess had close contacts with Marx and Engels,and they were inextricably linked in thought.In the research on the development of early Marx and Engels thought,Hess should be an important figure worthy of investigation.But in fact it has not received the attention it deserves.Taking Hess’s role in the process of Marx and Engels moving towards scientific socialism as a clue,this paper attempts to redefine Hess’ role in the early Marx and Engels’socialist thought and reveal how Marx and Engels moved beyond the existing socialist and communist theories.The road of scientific socialism.This paper mainly consists of three parts:The first part analyzes the relationship between Hess and the early spread of socialism and communism in Germany.Firstly,starting from the origin,evolution and development of the words socialism and communism,as well as the difference and connection after they became concepts,to sort out how Marx and Engels used the two concepts of communism and socialism in the early ideological context.Secondly,it clarifies that Hess became the early German propagandist of socialism and communism and the gestation and sprout of his socialist thought,which has its specific background of the times and the common effect of various factors.Finally,it discusses the role and influence of Hess in the spread of socialism and communism in early Germany.Hess not only made communism fashionable in Germany,but also inspired the germination of Marx’s theory of communism and promoted Engels’ turn to communism.The second part starts from Hess’s argument for the theory of communism.On the one hand,it discusses the influence of Hess’ transition from religious argumentation to philosophical argumentation on Marx and Engels’ "philosophical communism" stage.Negative to dialectics;secondly,it pushed Marx and Engels to philosophically demonstrate the inevitability of communism;thirdly,it influenced Engels’ interpretation of communism theory.Analytical Hess,on the other hand,proposes a theory of "The real socialism" in order to overcome the theoretical limitations of philosophical communism,which is still an ethical communism.Hess sees "love" as a panacea for all problems and thus lacks revolutionary.Hess’s theory also promoted the development of the "true socialist" party and became one of the important theoretical sources of this party,which had a great negative impact on society.This also provided a theoretical opportunity for Marx and Engels to transcend philosophical communism.The third part focuses on the "Hess problem" in "The German Ideology".The first expounding of Hess’s critique in this work has aroused controversy in the academic circles.Secondly,analyze the reasons why Hess,as a representative of "The real socialism",accepted the invitation of Marx and Engels to write and criticize "true socialism".Then,the research discusses whether the cooperation between Marx and Engels and Hess is due to practical factors or ideological factors,and whether the views of some scholars in the academic circles exaggerate Hess’s ideological influence on Marx and Engels.Then,with the help of the "German Ideology" and"The Communist Manifesto" written by Marx and Engels as the text basis,it discusses the profound development of Marx and Engels on the theory of "The real socialism" and "The real socialists" including Hess Comprehensive criticism and fierce struggle.Finally,I will sort out the birth process of the first programmatic document of scientific socialism-the Communist Manifesto,the principle of communism from the "draft" to its final maturity,and its practical significance to socialism with Chinese characteristics.