| Zhang Yuzhao,one of four students of Zeng Guofan,is one of representatives of Tongcheng school in the late stage.His poetry and literature review reveals rich literature theories,carrying forward scholars of Tongcheng school and inspiring after-born youth of Tongcheng school in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era,so his works are highly academic.Poetry of Zhang Yuzhao is focused on in this paper.Literature communication of Zhang Yuzhao,Zeng Guofan,Wu Rulun,Yao Yupu and Gao Buying,who are scholars of Tongcheng school is analyzed,literature theory of Zhang Yuzhao is stated and its origin and influence are explored.There are totally three chapters in this paper.Firstly,Chinese traditional literary theories like theory of relations between literature and doctrine,theory of literary excellence after suffering and theory of poetry expressing one’s thoughts and feelings are all shown in Zhang’s literature theory.Doctrine of Yi-Fa,co-existence of scientific principle,authentic data and literary grace and theory of spirit,principle,aesthetic feeling,structure,lettering,sound and literary grace of Tongcheng school are all echoed in Zhang’s theories.Therefore,Zhang Yuzhao literature throught is generated from Chinese traditional theories and influenced by Tongcheng school unconsciously.Zheng Guofan is the talent scout and teacher of Zhang Yuzhao,teaching him creative skills and how to appreciate a poem and review an article,which is the direct origin of Zhang’s theories.Wu Rulun is the colleague and bosom friend of Zhang,the communication of whom promote Zhang’s literary opinions to be more mature.Secondly,Zhang’s literary theories are seen in his poetry and letters,but they are still systematic.Zhang’s theory on literary creation focuses on changes of literature and nature is highlighted in his theory of literary realm.Zhang Yuzhao appreciates nature in literature and stresses the influence of natural encironment on literature development.He thinks that a writer’s creation motivation should come from natural nature and he takes nature as the highest literary appreciation standard to require and review his and others’ works.Zhang advocates the integration of “magnificence” and “flatness” in literary style.He likes literature with “magnificence” originally,but then he likes “subtle yet far-reaching” literature,finally the opinion of integrating “magnificence” to “flatness” is developed.Speaking of literary review,he stresses “grandness” and “magnificence”.Zhang thinks a writing should be full of sense of literature and he thinks highly of writings with senses of magnificence and quietness.He also thinks a writing should be smooth,grand and moving.Moreover,Zhang thinks over the fantastic and gallant style of ancient works and finally reaches a conclusion that“grandness” and “magnificence” are both critical.Finally,Zhang’s literary theories are developed by his students through teaching handouts,anthology compilation and reviewing.His theories play a unique academic role and have a profound influence on modern and contemporary literary theories.All in all,Zhang Yuzhao’s literary theories are generated based on literary theories of Tongcheng school.They are systematic with an obvious consciousness of question.There are also unique views on some key definitions like “changes of literature”,“grandness”,“magnificence” and “nature”.However,the teaching practice is higher than theoretical conclusion and analysis on specific problems is better than the construction of theoretical system.Beyond all doubt,his theories have some limitations. |
