| The origin and formation of the Xia culture has always been the core and key issue.At the beginning of the development of archaeology,the Central Plains theory prevailed in the academic circle.Looking around from the Central Plains,most of the discussions were about the influence of the Central Plains culture on the surrounding culture,and they did not pay much attention to other cultural factors in the Central Plains culture.Subjtively,they believed that the development level of the surrounding cul ture was lower than that of the Central Plains culture.However,at present,both in terms of research theory and methods,the potential influence of the theory of centralism has gradually gone out of the way,and it is generally believed that the generation of any civilization,especially the development and continuation of civilization,will not be completed in an absolutely closed state,and civilization is the result of cultural convergence and innovation.One of the important driving forces for the for mation of early countries and civilizations in the Central Plains lies in the strong cultural absorption capacity of the Xia culture.Due to the superior geographical conditions,many advanced surrounding cultures continuously converged to the Central Plains,which injected new impetus to its development on the one hand,and challenged the culture of the Central Plains and stimulated its continuous development on the other hand.With the continuous deepening of academic studies on the western and northern cultures,it is found that while the cultures of the Yangtze River and Yellow River basin are flourishing,the relatively remote western and northern regions are also important areas for human activities.The scale of prehistoric settlements is not inferior to that of the Central Plains or southern regions,and the relationship between the Central Plains and western and northern cultures also has a profound impact on Chinese history.Many scholars have discussed the factors of the Central Plains culture in the three generations,but there are not many researches focusing on the Xia culture period.With the emergence of new archaeological concepts related to Xia culture in the last decade,the publication of rich new excavation reports and the new discoveries of other related sites,it is necessary to re-sort out the cultural factors from the west and north of Xia culture on the basis of new data,and study clearly what the "status" of these cultural factors in the Xia culture is.How does the Xia culture transform and integrate these absorbed cultural factors? These cultural factors reflect the relationship between the Xia culture and western and northern cultures.According to the time division of the three stages of archaeological culture in the Xia Dynasty,this paper studies the western and northern cultural factors in the archaeological culture of the Xia Dynasty as a separate subject.On the basis of predecessors,taking typical sites as the key objects,this paper sorts out different types of western and northern cultural factors in Xia culture from the perspective of archaeological cultural exchange,and holds that the influence of this region’s culture on Xia culture mainly includes pottery,jade,bronze and livelihood resources.The influence of pottery is the most widespread,which can be divided into cooking vessels,storage vessels and drinking vessels.Jade factors can be divided into jade rites and jade ornaments,among which the Xia culture was mainly introduced from Hetao region through the south of Shanxi.In the context of trans-Eurasian cultural exchanges in the second millennium BC,the factors of bronze and livelihood resources,such as wheat,domesticated cattle and sheep,were introduced from the Eurasian steppe region to the Central Plains through the western region of Xia culture,namely the northwest region of China,and then absorbed by the Xia culture.Through sorting out and analyzing the western and northern cultural factors of Xia culture in each stage,it is helpful to reveal the degree of communication between Xia culture and northern culture in each period.In the early period,the relationship between Xia culture and western and northern cultures was still in a close cultural exchange,which was mainly carried out by the flow or migration of ordinary people.As a whole,the culture of different regions showed a pattern of strong north and weak south,and the culture of western and northern regions had a greater influence on Xia culture.In the late Xia period,with the development of the early Xia culture,the Xia culture rose rapidly,the nature of Erlitou as an "international capital" was highlighted,and its ability to gather surrounding cultures was significantly strengthened.Coupled with the constant expansion of the Xia culture,the foreign cultural factors in the Xia culture were particularly rich,and it had a closer relationship with the western and northern cultures. |
