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Stone Inscription Literature And Research On Multiple Beliefs In Mongolian Plateau Area During Yuan Dynasty

Posted on:2021-03-04Degree:MasterType:Thesis
Country:ChinaCandidate:L YaoFull Text:PDF
GTID:2545306500471134Subject:Ethnology
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The Mongolian Plateau is the place where the Mongol sovereigns are prosperous.It is also a historical stage for ethnic exchanges and integration.With the development of the social economy,palaces,castles,temples and residential buildings began to be built,and inscriptions in the temples,inscriptions for praise,inscriptions on the tombstones appeared accordingly.As a carrier of writing,stone inscription is one of the basic historical materials of historical research and has important research value.The Mongolian Plateau has a vast territory.Cities and towns are scattered in the north and south of the desert,and the inscriptions are relatively scattered.Its content involves many fields such as politics,economy,and culture.Thanks to the rulers’ loose cultural policy,a variety of cultures and religions gather here to form a spectacle of multiple beliefs.Many of the inscriptions can reflect the ideological and cultural conditions of the Mongolian plateau region at that time.Due to the complex composition of the residents,the large number of ethnic groups and different languages,not only have inscriptions in Chinese,but also inscriptions in Mongolian,Ancient Syrian,and Persian.Based on the more than forty pieces collected in1206-1368 and the original stone inscriptions,this article sorts them out,selects the inscriptions related to religions,Confucianism,and sacrifices for special research.Religion is a culture with belief as its core.Among the existing inscriptions on the Mongolian Plateau,there are many inscriptions on religions,which not only truly reflect the belief situation at that time,but also become a physical witness to history.The Mongolian rulers who originally believed in Shamanism did not restrict the spread of Taoism,Buddhism,Christianity,Islam or other religions,but used it as a political tool to envelop people and consolidate their rule.Among the existing stone inscriptions,there are both stone inscriptions for Buddhist temples and the epitaphs of monks in the temples.A large number of the Nestorian Christianity tombstones and remains that found in ?ngüt Tribe territory have been valued by scholars at home and abroad.A inscription in Persia has also been found in Qara Qorum.It records the local process of building an Islamic monastery.In addition,there are some inscriptions about folk religions,which should be erected by the Han Chinese living in the Mongolian plateau area,reflecting the belief status of ordinary people.In order to stabilize the regime and promote social development,the rulers not only vigorously developed Confucianism in the Central Plains region,but also built Confucian temples in the Mongolian plateau area,established schools and promoted Confucianism.Regarding the development of Confucianism in this area,there are few relevant written materials,but relevant inscriptions have been found in Shangdu Lu(上都路),Yingchang Lu(应昌路),Quanning Lu(全宁路),Jining Lu(集宁路),Jingzhou Lu(净州路),Qara Qorum and other places.The establishment and development of Confucianism education in the Mongolian plateau region benefited from the practice of respecting Confucianism that the rulers have always advocated.The construction of Confucius Temples,the establishment of Confucianism,and the teaching of Confucian classics not only promoted the spread and development of Confucianism,but also promoted the integration of diverse cultures and beliefs of various ethnic groups in the Mongolian plateau region.As the first unified regime established by ethnic minorities,the Yuan Dynasty ruled a non-Han centered multi-ethnic empire.The sacrifices with strong political and cultural symbolism became a political tool to consolidate the rule.The Yuan Dynasty not only maintained its own sacrificial habits,but also integrated the traditional sacrificial customs of the Central Plains,and formed a unique national sacrificial system.Take the Qara Qorum area as an example.According to the stone inscriptions,there are not only the She-ji(社稷)Altar(坛壝),Confucius(宣圣),Three Sovereigns(三皇),but also the ancestral temples for the heroes,as well as folk sacrifices which not included in the national sacrificial system.The local government intends to infiltrate the country’s cultural beliefs among the people through various sacrificial activities,which not only enhances the hierarchy concept of the supremacy of the imperial power,but also promotes the legitimacy of the ruling regime.And through the support of folk religions,to satisfy the people’s psychology of praying for blessings and avoiding disasters,so as to envelop people’s hearts,educate the people,and integrate society.
Keywords/Search Tags:Mongolian plateau, Stone inscriptions, Religions, Confucianism, Sacrifices
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