Determining The Geographical Origin Of American Ginseng (Panax Quiquefolium L) By Multiple Fingerprint Technology

To effectively implement food origin traceability and protect the excellent products,food origin traceability technology is an important technical means.79/5000In recent years,the origin certification of plant-derived agricultural products has attracted much attention.In order to clarify the characteristics of chemical components in Panax quinquefolium from different regions,this study investigated the feasibility and stability of element and metabolite fingerprint for origin tracing of Panax quinquefolium.Distinguishing 95 American ginseng samples come from 4 origins（Shandong province,Northeast provinces,America and Canada）,as well as from protected designations of origins（PDO）（America and Canada）and non-PDO(Shandong province and Northeast provinces,were the core purpose of this study.The content of26 elements in American ginseng was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）.The contents ofδ¹⁵N,δ¹³C,saponins,and volatile compounds in American ginseng samples were detected by stable isotope mass spectrometry（IRMS）,headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）and high-performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）,respectively.Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy（FT-NIR）was used to collect and analyze the differences of American ginseng samples.Analysis of variance（ANOVA）,multiple comparison analysis,correlation analysis to systematically study the difference characteristics between regions.Finally,the origin discrimination models of American ginseng origin traceability were established by combining these indicators with chemometrics.For the first time,volatile compounds and saponins were combined to further select the best discriminant model to achieve accurate distinction between the American ginseng from PDO and non-PDO.In addition,through analyzing the content of 11ginsenosides,the quality of PDO and non-PDO American ginseng was evaluated.The main research contents and results as follows:（1）There are significant regional differences in mineral elements,stable isotopes,infrared spectra,volatile compounds and saponins in American ginseng,and they have unique regional quality characteristics.It is feasible to use 5 technologies（ICP-MS、EA-IRMS、HS-GC-MS and HPLC）to trace the origins of American ginseng,among which,the most effective is mineral element fingerprints.（2）It is feasible to use three fingerprint technologies（GC-MS,HPLC,IRMS）to trace the American ginseng from PDO and non-PDO.The two discriminant models established by RF and SVM combined withδ¹⁵N achieved good discrimination results.And the combination of aroma and saponins fingerprints can significantly improve the accuracy of American ginseng from PDO and non-PDO.The result indicated that,to incorporate different technologies better than single technology.（3）Mineral elements and metabolites（saponins and aroma）combined with stoichiometry can be successfully used to determine the geographic origin of Shandong province,the Northeast provinces,America and Canada.Compared with the 4 supervised methods（LDA,OPLS-DA,SVM,k-NN,and RF）,PCA and HCA show poor clustering ability,and RF had satisfactory accuracy were obtained for the geographical origins of American ginseng.