| This study addresses the current situation of shortage of feed materials,high feeding costs,and low economic benefits in China’s livestock industry,combining the most representative edible mushroom residue and Herbal medicine residue raw material resources in Guizhou and screening the most promising edible mushroom residue and Herbal medicine residue raw materials through testing and analysis of relevant mycotoxins,nutrient composition,and anti-nutritional factors.The aim is to develop a black goat fattening FTMR formula based on local edible mushroom residue and Chinese medicinal residue non-conventional feed resources in Guizhou,to reduce feeding costs and effectively improve overall production efficiency,and to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the development of efficient feed utilization of Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue,Flammulina velutipes residue and Herbal medicine residue in black goat farming.Experiment 1:Determination and analysis of Mutrient content and Mycotoxin content of common Edible mushroom residue and Herbal medicine residue in GuizhouThe edible mushroom residues and Herbal medicine residue with high yield and representative of Guizhou were selected,using ADL as an anti-nutritional factor,CP and NDF as nutrients,aflatoxin B1,zearalenone and vomitoxin content as mycotoxin content indicators,to screen out the edible mushroom residues and Chinese medicinal residues with the most potential to be developed as animal feed.The results showed that:（1）Each residue was rich in nutrients,the CP and NDF contents of Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue and Flammulina velutipes residue were higher than those of Pleurotus eryngii mushroom residue,while the lignin（ADL）content of Pleurotus eryngii mushroom residue（15.41%）was higher than that of Flammulina velutipes residue and Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue.（2）The two types of mixed Herbal Medicine residue of Guizhou Yibai Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.contain up to 12.13%CP,up to 72.40%NDF,and up to 16.24%ADL;the mixed Herbal Medicine residue of Guizhou Dechangxiang Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.contain up to 15.22%CP,up to 16.48%NDF,and up to 22.45%ADL.In addition,these two types of Herbal medicine residue are highly susceptible to mold,insects,and preservation;the mixed Herbal medicine residue of Guizhou Jianrui’an Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.contain up to 14.04%CP and only 46.21%NDF,while the lignin content fluctuates greatly,up to 36.35%.（3）The levels of aflatoxin B1,zearalenone,and vomitoxin in all samples collected were within the content of the national feed hygiene standards.Experiment 2:Sensory evaluation of Flammulina velutipes residue pomace FTMR and its effect on Feeding behaviour,Ruminant behaviour and Diarrhoea rate of growing male lambs in Guizhou black goats35 healthy,similar weights（24.19±0.83 kg）housed Guizhou Black Mountain goats growing male lambs were selected and randomly divided into five groups of seven lambs each using the RCBD trial design.Group,I was the control group and fed the basic TMR diet,while groups II,III,IV,and V were fed FTMR with 30%,40%,50%,and 60%of Flammulina velutipes residue respectively.5 d for the pre-test period and 7 d for the main test period.The results showed that（1）the FTMR had a strong sour flavour in all test groups,with a weak mellow flavour and slight sticking in test group V.No mould was present between the groups.（2）The average daily dry matter intake of test group II was extremely significantly higher than that of test group V（P<0.01）and increased by 16.47%compared with test group I（P>0.05）;the feeding rate was extremely significantly higher than that of test group I（P<0.01）;the feeding rate was extremely significantly higher than that of test groups I,II and IV（P<0.01）.The diurnal feeding time,daytime feeding time and drinking time were significantly higher in Test Group I than in all Test Groups（P<0.01）;the number of drinking times were significantly higher than in Test Group V（P<0.01）;the wandering time,lying down,resting and sleeping time,number of faeces and urination were significantly lower than in all Test Groups（P<0.01）.（3）The number of ruminant cycles per day and night was significantly lower in test group V than in test groups I,II,III and IV（P<0.01）.The duration of each ruminant cycle and the duration of ruminant during the day were 3.5%and 16.30%higher in test group II than in test group I,respectively（P>0.05）;the interval between swallowing and regurgitation of the two food groups was significantly higher than in test groups I and IV（P<0.01）;the number of chews per food group（64.00±0.95）was significantly higher than in test group I and the rest of the test groups（P<0.01）.The number of regurgitated food masses per ruminant cycle was significantly higher in Test I than in Test V.The chewing time per food mass was significantly lower than in the other test groups（P<0.01）.Experiment 3:Sensory evaluation of Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue FTMR and its effect on Feeding behaviour,Ruminant behaviour and Diarrhoea rate of growing male lambs in Guizhou black goats35 healthy,disease-free,（23.81±0.83）kg,housed Guizhou black goats growing rams were selected and randomly divided into five groups of seven lambs each.Group,I was the control group and was fed a conventional total mixed diet（TMR）,while the experimental group was feeed an FTMR diet made of Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue at 30%（Group II）,40%（Group III）,50%（Group IV）and 60%（Group V）respectively.The pre-testing period was 5 d and the trial period was 7 d.The results showed that:（1）the FTMR of the test group became stronger with the addition of Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue and the sour flavour became stronger,and no mould appeared in any of the test groups,while the test group V showed slight adhesion.（2）Test group II had the highest average daily dry matter intake,and the feeding rate,feeding rate,number of urination,and excretion were extremely significantly higher than those of test group I（P<0.01）.The diurnal feeding time,daytime feeding time,drinking time,and number of drinks were extremely significantly lower in each test group than in test group I（P<0.01）.（3）The number of diurnal ruminant cycles and diurnal ruminant time was significantly higher in test group II than in test groups III,IV,and V（P<0.01）,and the number of times each food mass was chewed and the time each food mass was chewed were significantly higher in each test group than in test group I（P<0.01）.（4）No diarrhea occurred in test groups I,II,and III,while the diarrhea rate was 9.25%and 28.57%in test groups IV and V respectively.（5）The ADG and average efficiency of test group II increased by 5.20%and 1.83%respectively compared with test group I.The cost per kg of feed was 25.00%lower than that of test group I.The average efficiency of test group II was higher than the rest of the groups（P>0.5）.Experiment 4:Sensory evaluation of Herbal medicine residue FTMR and its effect on Feeding behaviour,Ruminant behaviour and Diarrhoea rate in growing male lambs of Guizhou black goats35 healthy,housed Guizhou black goats growing male lambs of similar weight（21.43±0.80）kg were selected and randomly divided into five groups of seven lambs each according to the RCBD trial design.Test group I was the control group,fed the basic TMR diet,and test groups II,III,IV,and V were fed FTMR with 30%,40%,50%,and 60%Chinese herbal residues.The pre-testing period was 5 d and the trial period was 7 d.The results showed that（1）the FTMR of groups II and III of the test was light brown,while the FTMR of group IV of the test was yellowish brown and group V of the test was earthy yellow.The FTMR of each group gradually became stronger in sour flavor as the number of herbal dregs added increased,and none of them appeared moldy,while the FTMR of test groups IV and V all became adherent and mildly rotten.（2）The average daily dry matter intake of testⅡandⅢgroups increased by 12.16%and 13.51%respectively compared with testⅠgroup（P>0.05）;the feeding rate was extremely significantly higher than that of testⅠ,ⅡandⅤgroups（P<0.01）.The feeding rate of test group III was significantly higher than that of test group IV（P<0.05）and increased by 20.34%compared to test group I（P>0.05）.The diurnal feeding time（24h）,diurnal feeding time,drinking time,and number of drinks were significantly higher（P<0.01）,and the lying,resting,and sleeping time were significantly lower（P<0.01）in the test group I than in all test groups.The number of faecal and urinary excretion was extremely significantly higher in test groups IV and V than in test groups I and II（P<0.01）,and the faecal pellets in test group III were uniform,small in size and significantly granular.（3）The number of diurnal ruminant cycles,duration per ruminant cycle,diurnal ruminant time,and diurnal ruminant time was highly significantly higher in test groups II and III than in test groups I and the rest of the test groups（P<0.01）;The number of times each food group chewed and the time spent chewing were extremely significantly higher in test group III than in test groups I,III,and IV（P<0.01）.Experiment 5:Effect of 30%Flammulina velutipes residue,30%Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue,40%Herbal medicine residues and combinatorial addition FTMR on fattening effect of growing male lambs in Guizhou black goats42 Guizhou black goats growing male lambs,6-7 months old,weighing 22.27±0.50 kg,healthy and free of disease were selected.The lambs were randomly divided into 6 groups of 7 each according to the RCBD trial design and reared in a single cage in a fully automated precision feeding system.Group I was the control group fed with traditional TMR,Group II was fed with 30%FTMR from Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue,Group III was fed with 30%FTMR from Flammulina velutipes residue,Group IV was fed with 40%FTMR from Herbal medicine residue,Group V was fed with 15%FTMR from Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue+20%FTMR from Herbal medicine residue and Group VI was fed with 15%FTMR from Flammulina velutipes residue+20%FTMR from Herbal Medicine residue.The pre-test period was 15 d and the trial period was 60 d.The results showed that:1.Effect of Edible mushroom residue,Herbal medicine residue and combined addition of FTMR on the Fattening Effect of Guizhou black goats（1）the average daily dry matter intake of groups II,IV,and VI was highly significantly higher than that of the group I（P<0.01）;the ADG of groups II,III,IV,V and VI groups increased by 12.71%,10.81%,25.51%,10.98%,and 14.35%respectively compared with that of the group I;the average benefit per animal was higher than that of the control group by CNY:20.38,CNY:17.35,CNY:40.91,CNY:17.61 and CNY:23.02 respectively.（2）The apparent digestibility of DM and CP in each test group was extremely significantly higher than that of group I.The apparent digestibility of NDF nutrients in group IV was extremely significantly higher than that of group I（P<0.01）.3)The TVFA content in groups IV,V,and VI was extremely significantly higher than that of the remaining groups（P<0.01）;The propionic acid content in Group IV increased by 14.77%compared to the control group（P>0.05）;the butyric acid content in Groups II and IV increased by 22.37%and 17.18%compared to the control group（P>0.05）;The differences in p H,ammoniacal nitrogen（NH3-N）,acetic acid,propionic acid,butyric acid,isovaleric acid,valeric acid,and acetic acid/propionic acid parameters were not significant（P>0.05）between the test groups.（4）The GH content of each test group was extremely significantly higher than that of groupⅠ（P<0.01）;the Ig G content of groupⅠwas extremely significantly lower than that of groupsⅡ,Ⅴ,and VI（P<0.01）;The Ig A content in Test VI was significantly higher than the rest of the groups（P<0.01）;IL-2 content was significantly higher than that in Test III and IV（P<0.05）.The IL-6 and ALT levels of group I were significantly higher than the rest of the groups（P<0.01）.The level of TFN-αin group II was significantly higher than that of group V,while the level of IFN-γin group IV was extremely significantly higher than that of groups I and II（P<0.01）.2.Effect of Edible mushroom residues,Herbal medicine residues and combined addition of FTMR on the Rumen Microbiota of Guizhou black goats（1）Simpson’s index was significantly lower（P<0.05）in groupsⅣandⅥrespectively than in the rest of the groups,and Shannon’s index of groupⅢwas significantly higher（P<0.05）than that of groupⅥ.The differences in the Observed-species index,Chao1 index,ACE index,gene library coverage（Goods-coverage）,and PD-whole-tree between the all groups were not significant（P>0.05）.（2）At the phylum level,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,and Desulfobacterota were the dominant groups.The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in groupⅡwas extremely significantly higher than that of groupsⅣandⅥ（P<0.01）;the relative abundance of Firmicutes in groupⅣwas extremely significantly higher than that of groupsⅠ,Ⅱ,andⅢ（P<0.01）.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in groupⅥwas extremely significantly higher than that of groupⅠ（P<0.01）;the relative abundance of Spirochaetes was significantly higher than that of groupsⅡandⅢ（P<0.05）.The relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly higher in groupⅣthan that of groupsⅠ,Ⅱ,andⅣ（P>0.05）.The relative abundance of Campilobacterota in groupⅡwas extremely significantly higher than that of groupⅣ（P<0.01）The relative abundance of Desulfobacterota,Fibrobacteres and Deferribacterota did not differ significantly（P>0.05）between the all test groups.（3）At the genus level,Prevotella,Muribaculaceae,Proteus,Rikenellaceae＿RC9＿gut＿group,and F082 are the dominant genera.The relative abundance of Prevotella in groupⅠwas extremely significantly higher than that of groupⅥ（P<0.01）.The relative abundance of Muribaculaceae was extremely significantly higher in groupⅣthan that of groupsⅡandⅢ（P<0.01）.The relative abundance of Proteus was significantly higher in group F than that of groupsⅠ,ⅡandⅤ（P<0.01）,and the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae＿RC9＿gut＿group was significantly higher in groupⅡthan that of groupⅣ（P<0.05）.The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae＿ND3007＿group in groupⅣwas extremely significantly higher than that of groupⅠ（P<0.01）;the relative abundance of Clostridia＿UCG-014 in groupⅥwas significantly higher than that of groupⅡ（P<0.05）.The relative abundance of Christensenellaceae＿R-7＿group and Ruminococcus was significantly higher in groupⅣthan that of groupsⅡandⅢ（P<0.05）.The overall conclusion of the paper is that,under the conditions of this study,through the screening of raw material-related indexes,the Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue,Flammulina velutipes residue,and Herbal medicine residue have the most potential to be developed as animal feed and can be developed and utilized as raw material for goat roughage,and it is suggested that when developing Flammulina velutipes residue as goat feed,the appropriate amount of Herbal medicine residue can be considered to be added to make FTMR for better feeding effect,while when developing Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue and Herbal medicine residue as goat feed,30%Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom residue and 40%Herbal medicine residue alone can be added to make FTMR for best feeding effect. |
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