| For China to have secure food supplies and to develop its agriculture sustainably,black soil must be protected.Applying organic fertilisers will improve the soil’s quality and increase productivity.To support the conservation of black calcareous soil theoretically,it is important to study the effects of applying different sources of organic fertilisers on maize growth and soil physical,chemical,and biological properties.This is because the properties and effects of organic fertilisers from different sources vary significantly.From 2021 to 2022,a field plot experiment with four treatments CK control(conventional fertiliser application),T1(conventional fertiliser + fungal residue from humified wood),T2(conventional fertiliser +humic acid commercial organic fertiliser),and T3(conventional fertiliser + chicken manure commercial organic fertilizer)was carried out at Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University’s Anda Experimental Base.The impact of three different forms of organic fertilisers on the development of maize and the physical,chemical,and biological characteristics of the soil were investigated.(1)The application of organic fertilisers such as chicken manure and humified wood fungus residue boosted the height of maize plants and the buildup of dry matter.When maize reached maturity in 2021～2022,the plant height rose in comparison to the control by3.72%～5.64% and 4.65%～11.51%,respectively.The maize leaf area index was dramatically raised by applying humified wood fungal residue.When the three types of organic fertilisers were applied to maize,the accumulation of dry matter rose by 3.56%～10.07% in comparison to the control.(2)All three forms of organic fertilisers encouraged the uptake of nitrogen in the aboveground sections of maize and enhanced maize production when compared to the control.With the use of humified wood fungal residue and chicken manure organic fertilisers,the accumulation of nitrogen in the aboveground sections of maize was relatively slow during the early development stage but rose quickly during the latter growth stage.In 2021～2022,the application of humified wood fungal residue and chicken manure organic fertilisers boosted the buildup of nitrogen in the aboveground sections of maize by 17.88%～25.91% and21.43%～3.38%,respectively,compared to the control.When organic fertilisers were applied continuously for two years,maize’s aboveground phosphorus buildup rose from 9.47% to 28.26%compared to the control.With the application of humified wood fungus residue,the accumulation of potassium in the aboveground sections of maize rose by 11.20% to 68.8%during the early growth stage as compared to the control.The three types of organic fertilisers were applied continuously,which boosted maize production.Humified wood fungal residue and chicken manure organic fertilisers considerably raised yield by 17.62%～19.20% and14.32%～24.76%,respectively.(3)The three different forms of organic fertilisers can be applied continuously to the soil to lower p H,raise the proportion of macroaggregates,and enhance mean weight diameter(MWD)of aggregates.When applied in 2021 and 2022,humified mushroom waste and yellow humic acid organic fertilisers reduced soil p H by 0.12% to 3.21% and 0.71% to 4%,respectively,compared to controls.With the application of the three different types of organic fertilisers over the course of two years,the proportion of soil macroaggregates and MWD grew by 17.57% to66.76% and 12.56% to 37.58%,respectively.(4)Applying all three kinds of organic fertilisers can raise the amount of organic matter in the soil.The soil organic matter content in the group treated with the humified mushroom residue fertiliser increased by 15.9% and 10.07%,respectively,compared to the control group during the tasseling stage of maize in 2021 and the silking stage in 2022.Parallel to this,the amount of total organic carbon,labile organic carbon,particulate organic carbon,and mineral-associated organic carbon in the soil grew during two years of continuous application of organic fertilisers.The level of labile organic carbon and particulate organic carbon increased by 11.49% and 49.33%,respectively,in comparison to the control group,thanks to the fertiliser made from humified mushroom residue.(5)The application of organic fertilisers greatly boosted the amount of nitrogen,phosphorous,and potassium that was readily available in the soil.Among these,applying humified wood ear mushroom waste had a noticeable impact on raising the amount of accessible phosphate and nitrogen in the soil.The two-year period saw a consistent rise in the nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium contents of the soil due to the continual application of organic fertilisers.In comparison to the control,the soil’s accessible nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium levels rose by 1.01% to 17.93%,4.18% to 89.72%,and 5.63% to 17.47%,respectively.(6)The activity of soil urease,soil sucrase,alkaline phosphatase,and peroxidase has increased as a result of the application of three different types of organic fertilisers.The use of humified wood ear mushroom residue from 2021 to 2022 boosted soil urease and peroxidase activity by 5.26% to 21.88% and 6.25% to 29.41%,respectively.The activity of soil sucrase and alkaline phosphatase has increased by 9.4% to 38.97% and 3.21% to 25.81%,respectively,after the application of yellow humic acid organic fertiliser.(7)The number and variety of bacterial and fungi species in the soil rose after the use of three different kinds of organic fertilisers.Particularly,bacterial OTU,ACE index,and Chao index increased by 23.19%,23.24%,and 23.19%,respectively,when humified wood ear mushroom debris was used as an organic fertiliser in comparison to the control group.At the level of the microbial kingdom,the phyla Proteobacteria and Ascomycota,respectively,dominated bacteria and fungi.Additionally,the quantity and variety of bacterial and fungal species in the soil were significantly impacted by the addition of humified wood ear mushroom waste. |
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