Molecular Evolution Of Cold Adaptation Gene In Chinese Macaca Mulatta

Macaques are the most widely distributed primates other than modern humans.The crab-eating macaque(Macaca fascicularis)and the rhesus macaque(Macaca mulatta)are the two most widely distributed and most common species in the genus Macaque,and the crab-eating macaque and the rhesus macaque are also the most commonly used in medical experiments and animal models.We noticed that although the crab-eating macaque and the rhesus macaque have a wide distribution in East Asia,their habitats are significantly different: the crab-eating macaque are mostly distributed in tropical climate countries such as the Philippines,Sumatra and Java in Southeast Asia;the rhesus macaque are mostly distributed in temperate regions such as southern China and northern India.And the crab-eating macaque often suffer from frostbite in captivity in winter,this suggests that the rhesus macaque may acquire the ability to regulate body temperature through adaptive evolution to the low temperature environment,and then are widely distributed in the relatively low temperature East Asia.Because rhesus macaques,especially Chinese rhesus macaques,can survive and adapt well in a large area with relatively low temperature,it is possible that genetic variation of low temperature adaptation may be formed in Chinese rhesus macaques due to evolutionary selection.In this study,a variety of positive selection signals were detected using the whole-genome data of cynomolgus monkeys,Chinese rhesus macaques and Indian rhesus macaques.positive selection signal is present.The differential expression of DNAJC22,DNAJB7,DNAJC16 and FNDC5 between cynomolgus monkeys and Chinese rhesus macaques was verified by Real-time polymerase chain reaction.This suggests that these genes may have an important relationship with the cold adaptation of Chinese rhesus macaques.Modern humans have spread around the world in the past tens of thousands of years,and also showed the characteristics of low temperature adaptation.Through the1000 Genome Project data,the East Asian population mostly distributed in the temperate zone and the African population mainly distributed in the tropics were compared.There were also natural selection signals on heat shock protein-related genes among groups such as DNAJC22,DNAJB7 and FNDC5.Three mutation sites in DNAJC22(rs7955245,rs11168981 and rs7310682)were all strongly positively selected in non-African populations.This also implies that DNAJC22 may have undergone evolutionary selection for adaptation to low temperature during the migration of modern populations.