| With the social and economic development and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards,the rich nutritional value of goat milk has been more and more recognized and accepted by consumers.Goat milk has become an important part of China’s dairy industry,which has promoted the development of dairy goat industry and the increase of breeding stock in China.In recent years,with the support of government industrial policies at all levels,while the scale of the dairy goat industry has continued to expand,large-scale breeding accounts for an increasing proportion of the entire dairy goat breeding industry.However,in the process of large-scale dairy goat production,there are some problems,such as high kid mortality,the overall survival rate of weaned kid is lower than that of mutton sheep,and the lack of systematic and matching specific management and technical system,which affects the improvement of dairy goat production efficiency and the development of dairy goat industry.This experiment is aimed at the actual problems of large-scale dairy goat farms,and the main purpose is to improve the survival rate of kid in large-scale dairy goat farms.Firstly,a large-scale dairy goat farm in Fuping County,Shaanxi Province was investigated and analyzed,and the main production management problems affecting the the kid survival rate.On this basis,from the point of view of ewes and kids,the production management experiments of ewes and kids in the transitional period of delivery,ewes and kids in perinatal period and kids in lactation period were formulated respectively,and a pre-experiment of a reproductive cycle was carried out.Through the evaluation and analysis of the pre-experiment results,the production test scheme was improved and perfected,the production test contents with new problems were supplemented,the formal production test of the second reproductive cycle was continued,and the experiment on the effect of different lactation on the growth and development of kid was carried out.According to the production test results,the management techniques of transition period,perinatal period and lactation period in large-scale dairy goat farm were summarized to achieve the production goal of raising the survival rate of kid to more than 90%.The contents and results of on-site investigation and analysis,pre-experiment and production experiment are as follows:(1)On-site research was conducted on the planning layout,functional division,infrastructure,flock structure,feeding and management of ewes and kids,and kids survival rate of a large-scale dairy goat farm in Fuping County,Shaanxi Province.In general,the planning layout and functional division of this dairy goat farm are reasonable,and the infrastructure is complete.In the spring of 2020,the survival rate of kids in this dairy goat farm was 77.2%.The factors affecting the survival rate of kids were mainly caused by the feeding and management of pregnant ewes and kids,including low ambient temperature in some enclosures during the transitional period of delivery of pregnant ewes,poor forage quality ewes lack nutrition,non-standard delivery and midwifery of ewes during perinatal delivery lead to dystocia of ewes,or untimely postnatal care of kids,resulting in kids death;kids are prone to diseases if the warm measures of perinatal kids are not in place;kids die due to infectious diseases during lactation.In order to solve these problems found in the survey,specific measures to strengthen the comprehensive management of dairy goats during the transition period,perinatal period and lactation period were formulated.(2)During the breeding cycle from 2020 to 2021,a pilot test of integrated management techniques for the transition period,perinatal period and lactation period of dairy goats was carried out,mainly including drinking warm water for pregnant ewes,prenatal immunization,standardizing delivery and midwifery,building thermal insulation kids islands in kids houses to strengthen the warmth of newborn kids and prevent kids diseases.The results showed that the number of pregnant ewes with dystocia,abortion or premature delivery in winter of 2021 decreased from 10.4% to 8.6% in 2020.Kidding and kids breeding season in spring 2021,at 3:00,6:00,9:00,21:00 and 24:00 on the temperature measuring day,the temperature measured in the kid hutches and the temperature in the kid hutches was significantly higher than the ambient temperature in the kid house(P<0.05),and the kid hutches played a better thermal effect to keeping warm.At the same time,the kid cultivation measures and disease prevention were strengthened,and the weaned kids survival rate reached 83.4%.(3)During the breeding period from 2021 to 2022,based on the newly discovered problems found in the previous year’s preliminary experiment,further improve the comprehensive management measures,mainly including: reforming the hot water supply system of the ewe house to ensure that ewes drink hot water in winter;Setting up temporary heat preservation delivery room and lay heating plate in ewe house,and manage the performance of breeders during perinatal period;Adding a heater in the kids house and lay an electric heating plate on the kids hutches;prolonging colostrum feeding time of newborn kids;Simultaneously promote the application of these management techniques to the other two breeding communities and large-scale farms.The results of the production test show that the temperature of the temporary insulated delivery room in the lambing season in 2022 is significantly higher than the ambient temperature in the ewe house.In the spring of 2022,the weaned kid survival rate in this dairy goat farms was 90.6%(1975/2180).The kid survival rates of the other two breeding communities or large-scale farms that were promoted and applied simultaneously reached 97.2%(447/460)and 93.1%(923/991),respectively.(4)In the spring of 2022,after the colostrum feeding period of lambs ended,a production experiment was carried out on the growth and development of lambs under the same supplementary feeding conditions with different feeding amounts of fresh milk.The experiment was divided into low-dose group(group A,900～400 ml of fresh milk per day in different lactation stages),medium-dose group(group B,1100～400 ml per day)and high-dose group(group C,1300～400 ml per day).The results showed that the kid weight in the medium fresh milk group B and high fresh milk group C was significantly higher than that in low fresh milk group A during the test period(P<0.05).The kids daily gain in experimental group B and C was significantly higher than that in experimental group A(P<0.05)in different age stages from 0 to 45 days.However,at the age of 45～60 days,experimental group A and B was significantly higher than the group C(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in body height among three groups of kids at different ages(P>0.05),but the body length and chest circumference of kids in experimental group B and C were significantly larger than those in group A at 60 days(P< 0.05).At the age of 45～60days,the supplementary feeding intakes of kids in experimental group B was the highest,followed by that in group A and the lowest in group C,with significant difference among the three groups(P<0.05).The cost of increasing 1kg weight of kids in experimental group B is 23.94 RMB,24.74 RMB in group A and 27.56 RMB in group C.The above experimental results show that during the transition period,perinatal period and lactation period of dairy goats,comprehensive management measures adoption of ensuring the hot water supply of dairy goats in the late pregnancy period,immunizing the ewes before childbirth to prevent the diseases of kids,setting up the heat-preservation delivery room in ewe house,standardizing the delivery and midwifery,carring out the performance management of breeders during perinatal period,the newborn kids eating enough colostrum,building insulation kids hutches in kids house to strengthen perinatal kids warmth and moderately feeding fresh milk can significantly improve the survival rate of kids. |
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