Study On Screen Wall Decoration Of Jin Shang Courtyard In Ming And Qing Dynasties

With the rapid development of the country’s urbanization,the original ancient buildings have been damaged or even dying out.The protection and inheritance of ancient buildings has become an important issue recently.As a typical residential building in northern China,Jin Shang courtyard has considerable stock and high research value.Some Jin commercial courtyards began to be built in the Song and Yuan dynasties,matured in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,and were completed at the end of the Qing Dynasty.Most of the Jin commercial courtyards that still exist today were built in the Qing Dynasty,and a few of them are the Ming Dynasty relics and restored buildings.The Jin merchants rose and grew in the Ming and Qing dynasties.After the succession of dynasties and the baptism of Confucian rites and music culture,their unique cultural temperament was formed.These cultural characteristics were reflected in their residential buildings,especially in the architectural carvings.Carving is an extremely important part of the courtyard architecture of Jin merchants in Ming and Qing dynasties.It is a manifestation of the character and temperament of Jin merchants and has great aesthetic significance in design.Based on the historical opportunity in Qing Dynasty,especially in the end of Qing Dynasty,Jin commercial courtyards and their architectural carvings developed greatly,and gradually showed different characteristics and styles from that in Ming Dynasty,while the change of Jin commercial courtyards and architectural carvings in Ming and Qing Dynasty is the core issue of this paper.Based on the field research and literature research of the King’s courtyard in Lishi,Shanxi,Qiaojia courtyard,Changjia Manor and Liu’s residence,this paper makes clear the pattern changes of the carved decorations of Jin merchant courtyards in the Ming and Qing dynasties in terms of external structure decoration,exterior eaves decoration and architectural stone carving,wood carving and brick carving.After exploring the change of carving style of Jin Shang buildings,the paper summarizes the change rule of carving: the external structure decoration of buildings changes from simple to complex;Building eave decoration becomes straight and curved;The functional shift of load-bearing structures to decorative ones.Moreover,the artistic features of decorative architectural components follow the "primary and secondary" and "order" of traditional concepts.They are an important medium connecting architecture and cultural concepts,revealing the cultural and conceptual factors of their changes,so as to refine and deepen the research on Jin Shang courtyards and their carvings,and thus provide more reference materials and theoretical support for their contemporary inheritance and protection practice.