Water-energy Nexus And Coordinated Scheduling Between 5G Base Stations And Regional Integrated Energy Systems

Recent years have witnessed the continuous development of integrated energy systems(IESs),the integrated electricity-water system(IEWS)composed of the power system and the water system,and its coordinated planning and scheduling problems,after the integrated electricity-gas and the integrated electricity-heat system,have played an important role in the IES-related research.On the other hand,with the large-scale development of the 5th generation mobile communication(5G),the issue of the large energy demand of 5G base stations(BSs)is getting prominently highlighted.New techniques such as BS energy management,"BS-grid" interaction,and BS water-cooling to realize the energy-saving operation of 5G BSs are widely concerned.However,most of the existing studies on the energy management of BSs and the "BS-grid" interaction are based on telecom service providers(TSPs),focusing on the telecommunication needs of BSs while ignoring the operational constraints of the grid.Moreover,with the introduction of water-cooling,the energy-saving operation of BSs is no longer bound to an energy management problem,but a water-energy management problem,which gives rise to the new issue of "BS-water network" interaction other than the "BS-grid" interaction.However,the water-energy management problem of watercooled 5G BSs,and the coordinated scheduling problem among water-cooled 5G BSs,power distribution systems(PDSs),and water distribution systems(WDSs)have not been addressed by any research so far.In this paper,the "telecommunication-energy-water" relationship of water-cooled5 G BSs is modeled in the context of the large-scale 5G application and IESs,and the coordinated water-energy scheduling method between BSs and the regional IEWS composed of PDSs and WDSs is studied.The primary research work and contribution of the paper are summarized as follows:(1)Two co-optimal scheduling mechanisms and scheduling methods for the 5G BSs and the regional IEWS are proposed.In the scenario where the scheduling authority of the 5G BSs is attributed to the regional IEWS control center,two co-optimal scheduling mechanisms and methods for the 5G BSs and the regional IEWS are proposed considering the operational constraints of PDSs and WDSs.The first scheduling mechanism is for the co-optimal scheduling of integrated electricity-water service providers(IEWSPs)and TSPs;the second concerns the dual coordinated scheduling between the IEWSP and the upper-level grid,as well as between the IEWSP and the TSP.The effectiveness of the proposed co-optimal scheduling mechanisms and methods are verified based on a regional IEWS sample system “E33-W8” sample system composed of an IEEE 33-node PDS and an 8-node WDS.In addition,the effects of the scheduling mechanisms on reducing the operational cost and optimizing the load curve are compared and analyzed.(2)A coordinated scheduling mechanism and method for "5G BS-regional IEWS" based on water/energy demand response is proposed.In the dual subject scheduling scenario where the scheduling authority of the 5G BSs and the regional IEWS belongs to the TSP and the IEWSP,respectively,the water/energy demand response(DR)service provided by the water-cooled 5G BSs to the regional IEWS is used as a bridge to consider the waste heat utilization of the BSs,and a threestage coordinated scheduling mechanism and its scheduling method to guarantee the information privacy of the 5G BSs and the regional IEWS.The proposed coordinated scheduling method is verified based on the "E33-W8" sample system to reduce the operational cost of both sides and enhance the wind/solar power accommodation,and the effects of the waste heat utilization on the operational cost of the BSs and the regional IEWS are also analyzed.(3)A coordinated scheduling mechanism and method for "5G BS-regional IEWS" based on water/energy DR agent is proposed.Based on the scenario that there are multiple TSPs in a region,water/energy DR agents are further introduced to coordinate the water/energy DR resources of multiple TSPs based on the water/energy DR services of the BSs.A multi-subject coordinated scheduling mechanism involving the DR agents,the 5G BSs,and the regional IEWS,and a four-stage scheduling method are proposed.The proposed multi-subject coordinated scheduling method is verified by the "E33-W8" sample system to optimize the load curve,enhance the wind/solar power accommodation,and achieve win-win coordination among different subjects.