Effect Of Different Extraction Methods On Bioactive Compounds Of Plant Flower: Extraction Efficiency And Functional Properties

This study evaluated the impact of various extraction methods on the concentration of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants,due to their antioxidant,antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory,and anticancer properties.The study also analyzed and discussed the principal compounds in these extracts,as well as their potential impact on cancer and microbial growth.The findings of this study could aid in the development of effective and efficient techniques for extracting functional components from medicinal plants to optimize their therapeutic potential.1.The collection of flowers and optimization of extraction methods were performed according to the determination of polyphenols.The total phenolic content（TPC）and total flavonoids（TFC）from Cassia javanica L.petals were extracted using ethanolic solvent extraction at concentrations ranging from 0 to 90%,ultrasound assisted extraction（UAE）,and supercritical carbon dioxide（SCF-CO₂）co-solvent at various pressures.Ultrasound-assisted extraction and SCF-CO₂parameters were optimized using response surface methodology（RSM）.the TPCs in Cassia Javanica L.petal extracts by ethanolic,SCF-CO2,and ultrasound were up to 92.2 mg/g,177.58 mg/g,and 112.89 mg/g,respectively.Antioxidant and anticancer properties of total phenols were assessed.An SCF-CO₂ co-solvent extract was nano-encapsulated and applied to sunflower oil without the addition of synthetic antioxidants.The results indicated that the best treatment for retaining TPC and total flavonoids content（TFC）was SCF-CO₂ co-solvent followed by the ultrasound and ethanolic extraction procedures.Additionally,the best antioxidant activity byβ-carotene/linoleic acid and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH）free radical-scavenging test systems was observed by SCF-CO₂ co-solvent（95.85%and 65.7%）then ultrasound（72.58%and 46.8%）and ethanolic extraction（67.24%and 41.2%）methods.SCF-CO₂ co-solvent recorded the highest inhibition%for PC3（76.20%）and MCF7（98.70%）and the lowest IC50 value for PC3（145μg/m L）and MCF7（96μg/m L）.It was discovered that fortifying sunflower oil with SCF-CO₂ co-solvent nanoparticles had a beneficial impact on free fatty acids and peroxide levels.The SCF CO₂method was finally found to be superior and could be used in large-scale processing.2.An evaluation of the impact of adding freeze-dried coacervates（EFC and AFC）to fresh orange juice at different concentrations（0.5%,1%,and 1.5%）on its physicochemical and microbiological properties was studied.The results demonstrated a notable increase in TSS levels upon addition of EFC,with concentrations of 0.5%,1%,and 1.5%yielding TSS values_IIIof 9.44 brix,10.1 brix,and 10.56 brix,respectively.Similarly,the incorporation of AFC resulted in elevated TSS values,where concentrations of 0.5%,1%,and 1.5%led to TSS values of 10.09 brix,10.44 brix,and 10.84 brix,respectively.Regarding p H,results revealed that the addition of EFC significantly influenced the p H,with higher concentrations leading to an increase in p H.At a concentration of 0.5%,the p H was measured at 4.05,followed by slight decreases to 4.03 and 4.02 at concentrations of 1%and 1.5%,respectively.Conversely,the impact of AFC on the p H of orange juice was minor.At a concentration of 0.5%,the p H remained unchanged compared to the control sample,while slight increases to 3.99 and 4.01were observed at concentrations of 1%and 1.5%,respectively.Adding EFC or AFC did not significantly affect the viscosity,or electric conductivity（EC）of the orange juice as the results of viscosity for EFC were 52,53 and 53m Pas while AFC were the same for concentrations 0.5,1 and 1.5%,respectively and for electrical conductivity of EFC,the results were 0.334,0.347and 0.375s/m while for AFC,EC results were 0.325,0.335 and 0.373s/m for concentrations0.5,1 and 1.5%,respectively.However,the addition of EFC or AFC significantly increased the total phenolic content（EFC:154.95mg/100ml and AFC:156.25mg/100ml）,total flavonoids（EFC:69.73mg/100ml and AFC:70.31mg/100ml）,and antioxidant activity（EFC:79.58%and AFC:81.21%）of the orange juice as the concentration increased.Moreover,the addition of EFC or AFC resulted in a decrease in the total plate count and mold and yeast counts of the orange juice.Overall,the findings suggest that the addition of EFC or AFC can improve the nutritional and microbiological properties of fresh orange juice without affecting its sensory properties.3.Comparative study of two different extraction methods,i.e.,conventional ethanolic extraction（EE）and ultrasound-assisted extraction（UAE）,for obtaining extracts from Sophora Japonica plant.The results revealed that UAE had a higher concentration of functional groups and polar compounds,as determined by Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared（ATR-FTIR）analysis.Furthermore,UAE extract exhibited higher total phenolic content（65.57mg GAE/g）,lower crystallinity,and better antioxidant activity（67%）than EE extract.The UAE extract was used for preparing nano emulsions,and the physicochemical properties of the emulsions were characterized.The results showed that the particle size of the emulsions was 252.92nm,and the zeta potential was-38m V.The thermal stability of the emulsions was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）,which showed that both emulsions had high weight loss percentages.The peroxide values of the emulsions were determined,and the confocal laser scanning microscope（CLSM）images showed differences in the morphology of the globules.The contact angle measurements showed that the UAE emulsion had better wettability than the EE emulsion.Overall,the study highlights the potential of UAE for obtaining extracts with improved bioactive properties and the suitability of the UAE extract for the preparation of stable nano emulsions with desirable physicochemical characteristics.This study emphasized the significance of using sustainable extraction methods and their potential as the future of not only food processing but also the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.