Spatial And Temporal Variation Characteristics And Drivers Of Ecosystem Service Functions In Linyi City

Ecosystem services are crucial for human well-being,yet the 21st century has witnessed significant disturbances and damages to ecosystems caused by human overexploitation of natural resources.Therefore,a systematic assessment and monitoring of ecosystem services can enable us to comprehend changes in these services and implement timely management measures.In this study,the In VEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)model was utilized to evaluate the spatiotemporal variability and topographic impacts of four ecosystem services-habitat quality,carbon storage,soil conservation,and water production-in Linyi City,Shandong Province from 2000 to 2020 based on land use data spanning two decades.The spatiotemporal variability and topographic influences on the four ecosystem services were evaluated in Linyi,Shandong Province from 2000 to 2020.The spatiotemporal variability and topographic influences on the four ecosystem services were evaluated in Linyi,Shandong Province from 2000 to 2020.Finally,the Patch-level Land Use Simulation Model(PLUS)and In VEST model were employed to project the land use and ecosystem services of Linyi City in2025.The research findings are as follows:(1)There was evident spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of land use classes in Linyi City,which underwent significant changes over time.From 2000 to 2020,there was an increase in the area of cultivated land,water bodies and built-up areas,while woodland,grassland and unused land gradually decreased.The period from 2005 to 2010 witnessed the most drastic stage of land use change with a comprehensive dynamic attitude towards land use of 1.53%.(2)The spatial and temporal dynamics of ecosystem services between 2000 and 2020 are evident.Habitat quality exhibited a high-low-high pattern from west to east,with an overall decline of 0.053 over the past two decades,with the most significant degradation occurring during the period from 2000 to 2010,resulting in a total decline of 0.051.The spatial distribution of carbon storage exhibits higher values in the four regions and lower values in the central region,with greater amounts found in the western areas compared to those located towards the east.Over a period spanning from 2000 to 2020,there has been a continuous decline observed in carbon storage levels,resulting in an overall decrease of 5.39%over two decades.Soil conservation patterns indicate high levels present within western regions and low levels within eastern ones;water yield patterns show high levels present towards the east and low levels towards the west-both exhibiting temporal fluctuations.(3)The topographic influences on ecosystem services are significant.Habitat quality increases with elevation,slope,and topographic position index,while it decreases initially and then continues to increase with increasing topographic relief.Carbon storage and soil conservation increase with each topographic factor,while water yield first increases and then decreases.(4)Different discrete methods were applied to the driving factors of different ecosystem services,and natural factors had a higher explanatory power than economic and social factors for ecosystem services.In single factor measurement,the DEM(elevation)had the strongest driving force on the spatial differentiation of habitat quality,while AET(actual evapotranspiration)had the strongest explanatory power on the spatial differentiation of carbon storage and water production,and Slope had the strongest explanatory power on the spatial differentiation of soil conservation.In factor interaction detection,the interaction effects of the driving factors on the spatial differentiation of ecosystem services showed two types:nonlinear enhancement and two-factor enhancement,and the different interaction effects of the driving factors had a significant impact on the explanatory power of ecosystem services.(5)The spatial pattern of land use types in Linyi City in 2025 is expected to remain stable.According to the existing data,it is predicted that about 148.74 km~2of land will undergo transformation from 2020 to 2025.Compared with 2020,all four ecosystem services will decrease to some extent,but the spatial pattern will remain stable and will not undergo significant changes.