Comprehensive Analysis Of Oil Formation Pattern And Nutritional Value Of Camellia Chekiangoleosa

In a narrow sense,oil tea refers to the common oil tea(C.oleifra)of the Camellia genus,and in a broad sense,it refers to a large group of plants in the Camellia genus with high oil content and certain economic value.Among them,red flower oil tea specifically refers to oil tea tree species with red flowers in the red Camellia group(Sect.camellia)within the genus.The biological characteristics of red flower oil tea are significantly different from those of common oil tea.In addition to its unique oil quality characteristics,it can also be cultivated as a high-quality ornamental plant due to its bright flower color.It has great economic and ornamental value,and its promotion and application prospects are broad.Currently,common red flower oil tea varieties include Zhejiang red flower oil tea(Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu.),Guangning red flower oil tea(Camellia semiserrata Chi.),Tengchong red flower oil tea(Camellia reticulata Lindl.),and Wantian red flower oil tea(Camellia Polyodonta How ex.Hu),among others.Zhejiang red flower oil tea is the most important variety in the red flower oil tea group due to its short reproduction cycle(only six months from flowering to maturity),high oil yield,stable genetic characteristics,and wide planting area.In recent years,it has become an important research object and ideal experimental material.Currently,there have been many studies on the quality of common tea oil,mainly focused on its antioxidant properties,aroma components,and the impact of processing methods on oil quality.However,there are relatively few studies on Zhejiang red flower oil tea,and there is still no comprehensive research revealing the nutritional characteristics of Zhejiang red flower oil tea.At the same time,there are relatively few relevant literature on the systematic comparison and exploration of the quality of red flower tea oil and common tea oil.Due to the probiotic nature of red flower tea oil and common tea oil,there are even cases of using common tea oil to replace red flower tea oil in the market.This project takes the flowers,leaves,and fruits of Zhejiang red flower oil tea as the research objects,constructs a nutrition database of flowers,leaves,and fruits of Zhejiang red flower oil tea,and compares the nutritional characteristics of Zhejiang red flower oil tea with other main red flower oil tea varieties.Furthermore,it analyzes the changes in various nutrient components during the seed-to-oil process of Zhejiang red flower oil tea seeds at high and low altitudes.The aim is to further understand the characteristics of Zhejiang red flower oil tea oil seeds,and to establish relevant mathematical models to effectively distinguish red flower tea oil from common tea oil,providing scientific data for the formulation of market access standards for red flower tea oil.The research results are as follows:1.During the blooming period of Zhejiang camellia oil,the flowers can be divided into three stages based on their appearance: bud,initial blooming,and full bloom.The main nutrients of the flowers,including water,soluble sugars,starch,and crude fat,are present in higher quantities during the full bloom stage compared to the initial blooming and bud stages.Notably,the soluble sugar content in fully bloomed flowers can reach up to 29.24%,while the protein,polyphenol,and flavonoid content in buds is higher than that in initial blooming and fully bloomed flowers,with the nutrient contents reaching 6.71%,3.12%,and 1.22%,respectively.Samples were taken at five key stages of reproductive development,including the blooming period,the initial formation of seeds,the rapid expansion of seeds,the rapid accumulation of oil in seeds,and the complete maturation of seeds.During the period from the blooming period to the initial formation of seeds,the content of most nutrients in the leaves showed a downward trend,with protein,sugar,and polyphenols showing the largest decrease by 86.81%,73.70%,and 67.57%,respectively.During the initial formation to rapid expansion of seeds stage,the soluble sugar content in the seeds significantly decreased,while the protein content significantly increased.During the rapid accumulation of oil in seeds stage,the crude protein,oil,and soluble sugar content in the seeds increased rapidly,while the water content decreased.Interestingly,during the period of seed development to complete maturation,the oil and crude protein content in the seeds showed an upward trend,with final contents of 56.70% and 7.22%,respectively,while the soluble sugar content showed a significant downward trend,with a final content of 10.72%.During the rapid expansion of seeds stage,the nutrient content in the leaves showed an upward trend except for reducing sugars,which showed a decrease of 5.23%.During the rapid accumulation of oil in seeds stage,the nutrient content in the leaves showed an upward trend,with the smallest increase observed in the soluble sugar content,which increased by 4.95%.Finally,during the period of seed development to complete maturation,only the starch content in the leaves showed a downward trend,with a decrease of 4.75%.2.This study compared and analyzed the changes in the nutritional dynamics of the entire fruit of the same Zhejiang red Camellia oleifera clone from initial formation of the seed kernel to complete fruit maturity and development in plants grown at high and low altitudes.The changes in the content of the main nutrients in the fruit shell were highly consistent,while the changes in the content of water,soluble total sugar,crude protein,tea saponin,total polyphenols,and total flavonoids in the seed kernel were also relatively similar.However,the changes in the rate of fresh seed yield,kernel yield,oil content,and starch content exhibited different patterns.The relative changes in the content of major unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid,linoleic acid,and alpha-linolenic acid were consistent in high and low altitude samples,while the changes in the content of major saturated fatty acids exhibited different patterns.The average fresh seed yield and kernel yield of the same red Camellia oleifera clone at high and low altitudes were roughly similar,but the pattern of fresh seed yield during the development of the seed kernel was different.The fresh seed yield of high altitude fruit increased rapidly at first and then tended to stabilize,whereas the fresh seed yield of low altitude red Camellia oleifera increased gradually.In addition,the oil content of high altitude samples increased rapidly about a month later than that of low altitude samples.During the growth and development of Zhejiang red Camellia oleifera seed kernel,oleic acid was the most important fatty acid in the seed oil,and its relative content showed an increasing trend in both high and low altitude samples.The oil content of oleic acid in high altitude samples was slightly lower than that in low altitude samples.The changes in the content of lipophilic compounds in high and low altitude oils were highly consistent,and the content of alpha-tocopherol showed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing,while the content of squalene,beta-sitosterol,and beta-amyrin showed a continuous decreasing trend.The average content of beta-amyrin in mature stage was above 0.55 mg/g.Through cluster analysis and grey relational analysis,it was found that the quality ranking of the fruit oil at complete maturity was independent of altitude differences,regardless of whether the plants were grown at low or high altitudes and regardless of the clone.3.Red-flowered oil-tea camellia(ROC)is an important woody oil species growing in the south,and its oil has high nutritional value.There are four main species of ROC in China,namely,Camellia chekiangoleosa(CCH),Camellia polyodonta(CPO),Camellia semiserrata(CSE)and Camellia reticulata(CRE).Reports on the comprehensive comparative analysis of ROC are limited.This study inves-tigated the fruit characteristics and nutritional components of four ROC fruits,and the results showed that ROC had high oil content with levels of 39.13%–58.84%,especially the CCH fruit,which reached 53.6–58.84%.The contents of lipid concomitants of ROC oil were also substantial,including β-amyrin(0.87 mg/g–1.41 mg/g),squalene(0.43mg/g–0.69 mg/g),β-sitosterin(0.47 mg/g–0.63 mg/g)and α-tocopherol(177.52 μg/g–352.27 μg/g).Moreover,the TD(transverse diameter)/LD(longitudinal diameter)of fruits showed a significant positive correlation with the oil content,and ROC fruits with thinner peels seemed to have better oil quality,which is similar to the result of the oil quality evaluation obtained by the gray correlation coefficient evaluation method.Four ROC oils were evaluated using the gray correlation coefficient method based on11 indicators related to the nutritional value of ROC.CCH oil had the highest score of0.8365,and YS-2(a clone of CCH)was further evaluated as the best CCH oil.Finally,the results of heatmap analysis showed that triglycerides could be used as a characteristic substance to distinguish CCH oil from the other three ROC oils.The PLSDA(Partial least squares regression analysis)model and VIP(Variable important in projection)values further showed that P/S/O,P/O/O,P/L/L,P/L/Ln,S/S/O,S/O/O and P/S/S(these all represent abbreviations for fatty acids)could be used as characteristic differential tri-glycerides among the four ROC oils.This study provides a convenient way for planters to assess the nutritional quality of seed oil depending on fruit morphology and a potential way to distinguish between various ROC oils.4.This study compared the nutritional differences between ordinary camellia oil and Zhejiang red flower camellia oil.Compared with Zhejiang red flower camellia oil,ordinary camellia seed characteristics showed higher rates of fresh seed yield(37.74%),seed kernel moisture content(34.50%),theaflavin content(138.68mg/g),total soluble sugar content(137.51mg/g),starch content(76.21mg/g),total phenols(8.18mg/g),and total flavonoids(4.10mg/g),but significantly lower seed kernel oil and protein contents than red flower camellia oil.The most significant difference between ordinary camellia oil and red flower camellia oil lies in the different relative contents of palmitic acid C18:0 and linoleic acid C18:2,with the relative content of C18:0 in red flower camellia oil(5.48%)significantly higher than that in ordinary camellia oil(1.35%),while the content of C18:2 in ordinary camellia oil(11.19%)is significantly higher than that in red flower camellia oil(5.36%),resulting in a much higher n-6/n-3 value(26.64)for ordinary camellia oil than for red flower camellia oil(9.31).The contents of α-tocopherol,squalene,β-sitosterol,and β-amyrin in ordinary camellia oil are 0.18mg/g,0.23mg/g,0.20mg/g,and 0.41mg/g,respectively,while the contents of these liposoluble components in red flower camellia oil are 0.28mg/g,0.55mg/g,0.90mg/g,and 1.00mg/g,all of which are much higher than those in ordinary camellia oil.The principal coordinate analysis of red flower camellia oil and ordinary camellia oil showed that the samples of ordinary camellia oil could be well clustered together,and the samples of red flower camellia oil could also be clustered into one category,without any aggregation or crossover between samples,indicating that there were significant differences between Zhejiang red flower camellia oil and ordinary camellia oil,and that the differences in the relative contents of C18:0 and C18:2 and the content of liposoluble components could be used to distinguish Zhejiang red flower camellia oil from ordinary camellia oil.