| Objective:Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)in breast milk play an important role in infant growth and development.The Adiponectin gene(ADIPOQ)mediates the endogenous synthesis of PUFAs,and some environmental factors such as the diet of lactating mothers may exacerbate this effect,as fatty acid metabolism varies according to dietary intake.The association between ADIPOQ and PUFAs levels may involve changes in environmental factors.Therefore,this study aimed to analyze the effects of dietary PUFAs and ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms on the levels of PUFAs in the breast milk of lactating mothers in the Changchun area.Methods:Our study recruited 423 Han breastfeeding mothers in a postpartum care center in Changchun city,Jilin province.All study subjects signed an informed consent form.The dietary intake of the six PUFAs was evaluated using the Food-frequency questionnaire(FFQ),a face-to-face survey of the amount and frequency of food intake by lactating mothers in the last year before milk collection,and Chinese dietary balance index for lactation(DBI-L)was referenced.And we assessed the dietary categories of lactating mothers.The concentrations of the eight PUFAs in breast milk were measured according to the method mentioned in GB 28404-2012.In addition,two single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)loci on the ADIPOQ gene,rs1501299,and rs1063538,were selected for genotype detection using the Sequenom Mass Array system.Statistical analysis was performed using BONC DSS Statistic 25.0.Basic information about mothers and infants,macronutrients of lactating mothers’diets,types of lactating mothers’diets,PUFAs of lactating mothers’diets,and PUFAs levels of lactation were described,and basic information about mothers and infants were correlated with PUFAs of lactation,PUFAs of lactating mothers’diets were correlated with PUFAs of lactation,diets of lactating mothers carrying different SNPs and PUFAs of lactation were analyzed for differences,and lactating mothers’diets and SNPs for interaction analysis.All statistical tests were two-sided,and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results:1.The median age of the lactating mothers was 30.00 years,the median height was 1.65 m.And the median pre-pregnancy weight was 55.00 kg.The median pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI)of the lactating mothers was 20.37 kg/m~2,and according to the Chinese BMI standard,39.19%of the lactating mothers were underweight before pregnancy,28.98%were at an appropriate weight before pregnancy,and 31.83%were overweight before pregnancy.The median gestational age of the 423 infants was 39.14 w,of which 51.31%were male,and the median birth weight of the infants was 3450 g,and the median birth length was 50.00 cm.2.The median daily intake of protein,lipid and carbohydrate was 95.67 g,83.00g and 306.52 g,respectively.The energy provided by protein accounted for 15.61%of the total daily dietary energy intake,and the energy provided by lipid accounted for31.29%of the total daily dietary energy intake of lactating mothers.The energy provided by carbohydrates accounted for 49.10%of the total daily dietary energy intake of lactating mothers.The daily dietary protein and lipid energy supply ratio of lactating mothers were within the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges(AMDR)recommended.Carbohydrate energy supply is slightly lower than the AMDR.3.The DBI-L scale was used to assess the dietary balance index of lactating mothers,and the mean score of cereal and potato intake was 2.49,and only 18.94%of lactating mothers had insufficient cereal and potato intake.The mean scores of vegetable and fruit intake were-2.65 and-4.47,respectively,with only 3.41%and0.76%of mothers’dietary intake meet the recommended values.The mean scores of milk and soybean and nut intake were-3.72 and-1.98,of which only 5.30%of people had the recommended value of milk intake and 53.03%of people had the recommended value of soybean and nut products intake.The mean score of meat intake was-0.19,of which 53.85%of lactating mothers did not consume enough meat after delivery.The average intake of fish and shrimp was-2.25,and 76.39%mothers had insufficient intake of fish and shrimp after delivery.The mean score of egg intake was 2.00,and 75.00%of lactating mothers had an egg intake above the recommended value after delivery.The average intake of cooking oil for lactating mothers was 0.67,and 66.85%of lactating mothers consumed more than the recommended value of cooking oil after delivery.4.The median percentages of dietary intake ofα-linolenic acid(ALA,C18:3n-3)and linoleic acid(LA,C18:2n-6)in the total energy of lactating mothers were 0.59%and 7.47%,respectively,referring to the Dietary reference intake of nutrients for Chinese residents(2013 Edition).Maternal diet LA exceeded their adequate intake(AI).Meanwhile,dietary ALA is close to its AI amount.However,the median intakes of two n-3 PUFAs,eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA,C20:5n-3)and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,C22:6n-3),were lower than their AI values,at 10.80 g/d and 15.40 g/d,respectively.5.The PUFAs concentration of breast milk was multiplied by the estimated daily secretion of breast milk by 750 m L to obtain the daily output of PUFAs of breast milk.The concentration of breast milk ALA,DHA and AA was higher than the AI for infants aged 0-6 months,however,the content of LA in breast milk was lower than AI.6.Basic information of lactating mothers showed a significant positive correlation between the age of lactating mothers and breast milk ALA(P=0.010),EPA(P<0.001),DHA(P=0.012),LA(P=0.037),dihomo-γ-linoleic acid(DGLA,C20:3n-6)(P<0.001),Docosatetraenoic acid(DTA,C22:4n-6)(P=0.002),the gestational age of lactating mothers was significantly negatively correlated with lactation EPA(P=0.015).7.There was a significant positive correlation between maternal dietary ALA and lacteal DHA(P=0.045),DGLA(P=0.028),AA(P=0.037),and DTA(P=0.049),and a significant positive correlation between maternal dietary EPA and lacteal ALA(P=0.043).There was a significant positive association between lactating mother’s dietary ALA and lactation DHA corrected for lactation age(β=0.004,P=0.041),and a significant positive association between lactating mother’s dietary ALA and lactation DGLA(β=0.003,P=0.048)remained positive after adjusted by maternal age(β=0.004,P=0.028).8.The interaction analysis showed that ADIPOQ SNP rs1063538 interacted with dietary DTA on LA and AA concentrations in breast milk.Rs1063538 mothers with CC genotype had significantly lower milk LA concentrations than TT(P=0.002)and TC genotype mothers(P=0.003);similarly,rs1063538 mothers with CC genotype had significantly lower milk AA concentrations than TT(P=0.029)and TC genotype mothers(P=0.010),but this phenomenon was only seen in the low dietary DTA group.Conclusion:1.The dietary carbohydrate energy supply ratio of lactating mothers in this study was slightly lower;the median intake of dietary EPA and DHA of lactating mothers was lower than their AI values.2.Dietary ALA of lactating mothers was significantly and positively correlated with lactation DHA and DGLA.3.Breast milk LA and AA concentrations of ADIPOQ SNP rs1063538 minor allele homozygous mothers with low DTA diets were lower than those of major allele carriers. |
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