Effect Of Diacylglycerol On Obesity In Obese Female Rats And Their Male Offspring

The perinatal period,a critical window for the early development of the offspring,presents a great challenge for the maintenance of the health of the offspring due to the maternal dietary status and the complex and variable intrauterine environment.Previous studies have shown that a certain amount of 1,3-diglycerides can reduce visceral fat weight and facilitate smooth fatty acid oxidation,while improving glucose metabolism levels to some extent.However,there are few reports on whether maternal dietary interventions with dietary diglycerides can improve maternal metabolism and whether maternal high-fat diets can improve the obesity and health risks to offspring through maternal-offspring bonding.In this experiment,we analyzed the effects of maternal glycerides on obesity in obese mothers and their male offspring through various scientific methods and techniques,and the experiment was divided into four parts as follows.1.Diglycerides improved lipid metabolism in obese female rats and maintained a healthy and good intrauterine environment.The experiment was divided into normal diet group(m ND),high-fat diet group(m HFD),and DAG diet group(m DAG).The three groups of rats were fed the corresponding diets from four weeks before pregnancy until the end of lactation.Compared with m HFD,m DAG significantly reduced the body weight gain,body weight growth rate,and the weight and percentage of white adipose tissue around the gonads of the mice.m DAG diet also had good effects on the serum levels of TAG and T-CHO in mice,which facilitated the normalization of lipid metabolism.m DAG diet reduced the lipid deposition in the liver tissues of mice,and protected the liver The DAG diet upregulated the expression of PPARα and CPT1 A and decreased the expression level of ACSS2.This suggests that Diglycerides can promote the oxidative breakdown of fatty acids while protecting vascular health in mice.Unlike the high-fat diet group,PKCβ and PKD1 were not abnormally elevated in the DAG diet group,indicating that the DAG diet did not cause abnormal activation of the DAG-PKC signaling pathway,keeping mice away from inflammation while protecting them from normal immune system function.The expression of differential methylated genes was maintained at normal levels in the m DAG group,indicating that the DAG diet resulted in a smooth and healthy intrauterine environment in the mothers,providing good environmental conditions for the early development of the offspring,while providing strong support for the long-term health of the offspring.DAG increased the levels of acetic,propionic,butyric,valeric,and capric acids in the feces and decreased the levels of isobutyric and isovaleric acids,while improving the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in the intestinal flora and their ratio.The results of intestinal flora diversity analysis showed that the diversity of intestinal flora of female rats in the m ND group was maintained at a high level,while the diversity in the intestinal flora of female rats in the m HFD and m DAG groups was reduced,presumably due to the high fat content in both the highfat diet and the DAG diet,which led to the reduction of alpha diversity in the flora.The DAG diet maintained normal body weight and visceral fat content in the dams,protected normal lipid metabolism,maintained normal mitochondrial morphology,regulated intestinal The DAG diet maintained normal body weight and visceral fat content,protected normal lipid metabolism,maintained normal mitochondrial morphology,regulated intestinal flora,and elevated fecal short chain fatty acid content.The results of correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between changes in acetic acid,propionic acid,butyric acid,hexanoic acid and PPARα,CPT1 A and differential methylated gene Miz-1,and significant negative correlations with the percentage of white adipose tissue around the gonads and the expression of ACSS2,PKCβ and PKD1 genes,indicating that cytokines in the liver and adipose tissue of mice interact with their fecal intestinal flora to regulate lipid metabolism in mice,which together act on the physiological status of the mother mouse.2.Diglycerides significantly modulated phenotypic parameters and cytokines in liver and adipose tissue in young(3-week-old)male offspring of obese dams.The DAG diet somewhat alleviated the rapid weight gain associated with the high-fat diet and reduced the serum levels of TAG,T-CHO,and LDL-C in the young offspring mice.Although the DAG diet has high lipid content,the different lipid types brought about different body phenotypes and lipid metabolism levels in the offspring mice,and DAG improved the body phenotypes of the young offspring to some extent and was beneficial to maintain good lipid levels in the young offspring.The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the lipid droplets were smaller and less numerous,and the morphology and structure of mitochondria were more clearly defined.These results suggest that the DAG diet inhibited the excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver of young offspring and protected the mitochondria of young offspring,which facilitated the smooth energy metabolism.The offspring mice were supported from a good intrauterine environment with a well-developed immune system that did not cause abnormal activation of the DAG-PKC signaling pathway,while the expression of differentially methylated genes in the young offspring mice was similar to that of the normal group,as confirmed by the results of the association analysis.The relatively healthy perinatal maternal diet,good physiological health,stable and moderate lipid levels,positive and robust energy and lipid metabolism,and moderate intestinal flora composition ensure a healthy developmental space for the early mice,and keep the lipid levels and cytokines of the young offspring at good levels,and provide a good prerequisite for the long-term health of the young offspring.3.Diglycerides modulated the intestinal flora of adult(12-week-old)male offspring of obese dams and improved the fecal content of short-chain fatty acids in adult offspring mice.The mice were weaned at 3 weeks of age and the remaining male offspring from the three dietary dams were subjected to a new diet grouping.Male offspring from normal diet dams were divided into two groups: normal diet(o N-ND)and high-fat diet(o N-HFD);male offspring from high-fat diet dams were divided into three groups: normal diet(o H-ND),high-fat diet(o H-HFD),and DAG diet(o H-DAG)Male offspring from DAG diet mothers were divided into three groups:normal diet(o D-ND),high-fat diet(o D-HFD),and DAG diet(o D-DAG),for a total of eight groups.The percentage of white adipose tissue weight in the groin of the adult offspring mice in the o H-HFD group was significantly elevated compared to the mice in the o N-HFD group(P <0.05),while for the o D-HFD group the change was not significant.The different results for the percentage of white adipose tissue weight in the groin of the adult offspring in the o N-HFD,o HHFD and o D-HFD groups showed that the different diets of the mothers caused the different results for the percentage of white adipose tissue weight in the groin of the adult offspring when they were also challenged with a high-fat diet after weaning,and the maternal DAG diet helped the adult offspring to some extent to avoid The maternal DAG diet helped to some extent to prevent the risk of abnormal increase in the percentage of white adipose tissue weight in the groin of adult offspring after weaning.DAG diet improved the relative abundance of Butyricimonas in adult offspring.From the analysis of F/B ratio,the o H-HFD group had the highest F/B ratio,the o N-HFD,o H-DAG,and o D-HFD groups were in the middle,and the o NND,o H-ND,o D-ND,and o D-DAG groups were at a lower level.It indicates that the DAG diet of both the mother rats and the weaned offspring improved the ratio of F/B in the fecal intestinal flora of the adult offspring to some extent,bringing it closer to the normal group.4.The results of the correlation analysis showed that the effect of diglycerides on obese mothers and their offspring is continuous,and can be transmitted to unborn mice through the intrauterine environment and early offspring lactation via altered levels of intrauterine SCFAs in the mothers.Furthermore,the correlation of phenotypic parameters and cytokines between mothers and their young offspring suggests that diglycerides can reduce the negative effects of a high-fat diet in mothers while bringing this positive effect to the young offspring.Between the mother and her adult offspring,the physiological and nutritional status of the mother early in her offspring’s life has long-term effects on growth and development,which are reflected in the adult offspring,causing them to exhibit higher weight gain and more white fat accumulation when exposed to high-fat exposure.The results of this experiment showed that diglycerides had a good ameliorative effect on obesity in obese female rats and their male offspring.The effect of diglycerides on mothers can affect their young offspring through the transmission relationship between mothers and infants,specifically by maintaining a relatively healthy body phenotype,relatively stable lipid metabolism level,maintaining epigenetic stability,and creating a good intrauterine environment;creating a good space for early development of young offspring mice during lactation,and improving cytokines in liver and adipose tissue of young offspring mice expression in the liver and adipose tissue of young offspring.The degree of influence of maternal diet and post-weaning diet on adult offspring differed,with the post-weaning diet having a greater weight on adult offspring during the long-term growth and development of mice,while the adverse effects of maternal high-fat diet could be ameliorated to some extent by normal post-weaning dietary adjustments,with a positive effect of diglycerides on protecting adult offspring from the threat posed by high-fat diet,and mice weaned after When exposed to a high-fat diet,diglycerides improved the composition and ratio of fecal intestinal flora in adult offspring,providing protection with multiple and long-term effects.