Spatiotemporal Distribution Of Multi-Scale LULC And Ecosystem Services Based On The InVEST And PLUS Models

Ecosystem services are the products and services provided by the structure,function and process of ecosystems related to human productivity and life,and human beings can obtain direct or indirect benefits from ecosystems.Over the past 50 years,unreasonable land resource allocation and land use patterns have led to rapid degradation of global ecosystem services.The Taihang Mountain is an important mountain range and geographical boundary in eastern China.Handan City is located in the transitional zone between the southern section of the Taihang Mountain and the North China Plain.The Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve in Hebei Province is an important forest ecosystem national nature reserve in the jurisdiction of Handan City in the southern section of the Taihang Mountain.The land use change and driving factors,the spatial pattern of ecosystem services and the current situation of trade-off/synergy space-time flow need to be clarified.This thesis constructs a multi-scale research framework of Taihang Mountain-Handan City-Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve,selects spatial data with different resolutions,analyzes and predicts the spatial and temporal pattern of land use/cover under multi-scale and multi-level research areas based on PLUS model,and simulates multi-scale ecosystem services in multi-level research areas based on InVEST model.Finally,based on principal component analysis and spatial statistical analysis methods,the driving factors of land use types and the trade-off/synergistic spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem services are analyzed.The conclusions are as follows:(1)The main land use types in Taihang Mountains are cultivated land,forest land and grassland.The overall spatial pattern is annular around the main mountains in the study area.The decrease of cultivated land and the expansion of construction land are the main reasons for the change of land use pattern.The expansion of various land use types is more affected by natural driving factors such as slope,soil depth,and NDVI.There was obvious spatial heterogeneity in the spatial pattern of ecosystem services from 2000to 2050,but no obvious transfer occurred.The spatial distribution of ecosystem services was similar.The high-value areas were distributed around the main mountains of the Taihang Mountains,and the low-value areas were mainly distributed in the eastern foothills and the Shanxi Basin.The water yield showed a significant low-value aggregation in the north.From 2000 to 2050,the quality of ecosystem services in Taihang Mountains showed a negative trend.The synergistic relationship between carbon storage and habitat quality and the trade-off relationship between carbon storage and water yield showed a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2020,but gradually recovered after 2020,and the trade-off relationship between habitat quality and water yield did not change significantly.The high-high clustering synergy relationship of habitat quality-carbon storage and the low-high clustering trade-off relationship of water yield-carbon storage are distributed around the main mountains of the Taihang Mountains.The low-low clustering synergy relationship of habitat quality-carbon storage and the high-low clustering trade-off relationship of water yield-carbon storage are mainly distributed in the urban agglomeration of the southeastern foot of the Taihang Mountains.The high-low clustering trade-off relationship of habitat quality-water yield is mainly distributed in the northern part of the study area,while the low-high clustering trade-off relationship is mainly distributed in the Shanxi Basin and the southern mountainous areas.(2)The spatial distribution of land use types in Handan showed the characteristics of“woodland in the west and arable land in the east”.The altering of land use between cultivated land and artificial habitates accounted for 96.58%of the total land use change.The spatial distribution of carbon density is characterized by a high in the west and a low in the east in Handan City.The carbon storage patterns show a reduction.The excessive encroachment of arable land led to a dramatic increase in carbon loss in Handan City in2010,and the excessive encroachment of cultivated land is the main cause of carbon loss in Handan City.Compared with the natural development scenario,the land use change in the ecological protection scenario tends to be restrained.Although the promotion potential of ecological land is general,the consumption of ecological resources is avoided due to the limitation of human activities.Under both the natural development and ecological protection scenarios from 2020 to 2030,the carbon storage in Handan City decreases by4.23×10~6 t and increases by 2.16×10~4 t respectively.The risk of carbon loss is significantly reduced across the city,the potential of carbon sinks in different areas of the city appears to differ significantly.(3)The overall pattern of land use in Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve changed little from 2000 to 2030.The land use was dominated by forest land,high coverage grassland and dry land.The expansion of rural construction land and high coverage grassland,and the attenuation of forest land and dry land were the trend of land use change from 2000 to 2020.Natural driving factors such as slope direction and soil thickness have obvious driving effects on the expansion of various land use types.Population density and distance from rural settlements are the main social driving factors.The overall distribution of ecosystem services hotspots is consistent with the distribution of forest land.The high value areas of carbon density are distributed in the east and north of the reserve,and the low value areas are distributed in the southeast and west.The high value area of habitat quality is consistent with the distribution of forest land,and the low value area is consistent with the distribution of cultivated land and grassland.The high value area of soil conservation service distribution is in Baiwangzhuang and Lianggou villages.The study can provide effective guidance for the policies of Taihang Mountain,Handan City and Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve,and is a further scientific discussion on the research framework of multi-scale and multi-scale land use/cover and ecosystem services spatial pattern.