Effects Of Phospholipids On The Repair Of Skeletal Muscle Injury And The Application Of Antarctic Krill Oil

Phospholipids are amphiphilic lipids composed of polar phosphate group heads and nonpolar fatty acid tails,which have various bioactive functions.The differences in fatty acid compositions of phospholipids affect their bioactive functions significantly.It was found that phospholipids played a vital role in the regulation of skeletal muscle function.Fatty acid compositions of dietary phospholipids may affect the repair effects of phospholipids on skeletal muscle injury,however,its functions and structure-activity relationships need to be further studied.Therefore,the compositions of phospholipids from different sources were analyzed,and the effects of phospholipids with different fatty acids on the repair of skeletal muscle injury were explored.Besides,the application of selected Antarctic krill oil was preliminarily explored.The details are as follows:First of all,common phospholipids including yolk phospholipid(YKPL),soybean phospholipid(SBPL),perilla seed phospholipid(PSPL),and krill oil phospholipid(KOPL)were collected.The compositions and structures of phospholipids were analyzed using gas chromatography,liquid chromatography,and ultra performance liquid chromatographyelectrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrum(UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS).The results indicated that YKPL,SBPL,PSPL and KOPL were rich in C18:1,C18:2,C18:3,C20:5(EPA)and C22:6(DHA),respectively.In addition,the content of phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE)was the highest in PSPL,accounting for 51.50%,while the other three phospholipids contained more phosphatidyl choline(PC).PC(C16:0/C18:1),PC(C18:1/C18:2),PE(C16:0/C18:3)and PC(C16:0/C20:5)were the characteristic phospholipid molecules in these four phospholipids,respectively.Secondly,the skeletal muscle injury model of zebrafish was established,evaluated by means of birefringence analysis,genetically modified zebrafish labeled with green fluorescent protein,and oxidative stress assessment.The effects of different fatty acid composition phospholipids on the repair of skeletal muscle injury were compared and analyzed using this model.The results showed that phospholipids could repair skeletal muscle injury significantly,and could decrease reactive oxygen species accumulation in skeletal muscle.KOPL was superior to PSPL,SBPL and YKPL in sequence.Compared with the model group,the relative birefringence area of skeletal muscle of zebrafish in the KOPL group increased from 48.53%to 91.97% significantly(P<0.05),and the relative reactive oxygen species accumulation in skeletal muscle was 44.81% of that in the model group(P<0.05).Besides,the comparison of the effects of KOPL and fish oil showed that the effects of phospholipid-type EPA and DHA were better than those of triglyceride-type EPA and DHA.Finally,the application of Antarctic krill oil emulsion was explored,and its bioaccessibility was evaluated.In view of the low bioaccessibility of Antarctic krill oil in product development,the solutions to solve the problem were proposed.The results showed that there were interactions between phospholipids and whey protein isolate(WPI).Compared to a single emulsifier,the phospholipid-protein dual emulsifiers could decrease the droplet size(in the range of 180-230 nm),promote emulsion dispersion(less than 0.26),enhance surface potential(inferior to-30 m V),and improve the bioaccessibility of Antarctic krill oil emulsions.Antarctic krill oil emulsions prepared using SBPL-WPI emulsifiers performed the highest bioaccessibility of EPA and DHA,which was 52.59% and 53.43%,respectively.In conclusion,the effects of four different fatty acid composition phospholipids on skeletal muscle injury repair were studied systematically,and KOPL rich in DHA and EPA had the best effect.SBPL-WPI emulsifiers were used to prepare Antarctic krill oil emulsion,which improved its bioaccessibility significantly.This study can provide a theoretical reference for understanding the structural-activity relationship of phospholipids on skeletal muscle injury repair,and give a solution for the development of functional products that can strength skeletal muscle mass.