| Birds are the spirits of nature and important functional groups in ecosystem.The distribution pattern of bird species and its causes are hot issues in ornithological geography and macroecology.In this paper,a study on the geographical distribution characteristics and influencing factors of birds in Zhejiang Province was carried out,based on Bird-watching data,hoping to clarify the spatial difference of bird distribution in Zhejiang Province and its causative mechanism,to provide reference basis for the protection and utilization of bird diversity in Zhejiang Province,and to explore the application of Bird-watching big data in ornithological research.The main results are as follows:474 species of birds belonging to 77 families and 21 orders are observed and recorded in Zhejiang Province,including 8 national first-grade protected species,63 national second-grade protected species and 69 provincial key protected species;of them,Natatores,Grallatores and Passeres have the advantage of species numbers.By region,there are more species in Hangzhou,Ningbo and Taizhou,and less in Jinhua,Shaoxing and Jiaxing.The species richness of birds and rare birds in Zhejiang Province is high in coastal islands,hills,western mountainous regions,and low in Northern Zhejiang Plain and inland basins.The hotspots of bird distribution in the west of Zhejiang province are mainly in nature reserves dominated by forests,while in the east,are mainly in the coastal wetlands,islands and hilly areas.The hotspots of Passeriformes are all over the province;the hotspots of Charadriiformes are mostly in the eastern coastal wetlands,islands,river banks and reservoirs;the hotspots of Anseriformes are mostly in lakes,reservoirs and river wetlands;the hotspots of Pelecaniformes are mostly in wetlands,coastal and riverside areas;and the hotspots of Accipitriformes are mostly in montane forests and coastal areas.Zhejiang Province is divided into five types of bird distribution regions.The first category consists of 26 counties which are located along the coast,rivers and lakes,with a large area of waters and wetlands.In this category,Grallatores and Natatores account for a large proportion,and the numbers of Terrestores,Passeres and Scansores are small.The second category consists of 10 counties which are located in coastal areas and inland basins,with superior water environment conditions.In this category,the species richness of Natatores and Grallatores is high,and the species richness of Strigiformes is especially low because of the noises and light interferences of ports and airports at night.The third category consists of 18 counties which have a balanced ratio of wetlands,montane forests and farmlands.In this category,the species composition is also balanced and the species richness of Raptors is especially high.The fourth category consists of 7 counties which have a large area of montane forests and a small area of wetlands,resulting in a very high proportion of Terrestores,Passeres and Scansores,and a very low proportion of Grallatores and Natatores.The fifth category consists of 29 counties,which have dense forests and some water wetlands,with more waterfowls than forest birds.Different combinations of land use types have a profound influence on the formations of various bird distribution regions in Zhejiang Province.The results of Spearman rank correlation analysis show that bird species richness in Zhejiang Province is negatively correlated with altitude variation,average altitude,green space area and the minimum distance from grid center to water,and positively correlated with water area and the number of land use types.Geographically weighted regression results show that the bird species richness in plains and basins is greatly affected by altitude variation and average elevation,in hilly areas is greatly affected by green space area,and in river areas is greatly affected by water area.The species richness of Charadriiformes,Anseriforms,Pelecaniformes and Passeriformes is negatively correlated with altitude variation,average altitude,green space area and the minimum distance from grid center to water,and positively correlated with water area.The species richness of Charadriiformes and Pelecaniformes is also positively correlated with the number of land use types,but the action intensity is obviously weaker than other factors.The species richness of Accipitriformes is negatively correlated with altitude variation,average altitude,green space area and the minimum distance from grid center to water,and not related to water area and land use types.Some suggestions are put forward,such as strengthening the protection of birds in hotspots,strengthening the ecological protection and restoration of bird habitats,promoting Bird-watching travel and popular science activities. |
