| Limenitinae belong to Insecta,Lepidoptera,Nymphalidae,which is set up by Behr in 1864.Up to the present,800 species of Limenitinae have been known from the world,and there are 118 species recored in China,which are mainly distributed in the palaearctic region and nearctic region.According to the current classification system,there are 5 tribes found in China.In this paper,the external morphology of 52 species is described systematically,which belong to 4 tribes and 13 genera.Male external genitalia of 28 butterfly species were imaged,with 45 specimen photos from the dorsal and the ventral,and 11 ecological photos attached,keys to species are provided based on wing surface characteristics and other external morphology.Mitochondrial genome sequences of 19 butterflies were tested and analysized,and use Bayesian Inferencw and Maximum Likelihood to construct phylogenetic trees respectively,to discuss phylogenetic relationships between species,genus and tribes.Most species in Limenitinae are middle or big,without apparent rise,R4 vein in forewing come from the R5 vein near the apical angle,humeral vein and Sc+R1 vein come from the same point,discoidal cell in aftwing is open cell,male external genitalia varies greatly among guens.Morphological differences among genus are the form of forewing,the relative position of humeral vein and Sc+R1 vein,discoidal cell in forewing and aftwing is open or cloes.Differences of male external genitalia among genus mainly is the form of tegumen,uncus and the relative length between the them;the development level of gnathos;the morphology ofvinculum;the length of saccus;the form and length-width ratio of valva and if there is a harpe on it;the relative length and morphology of aedeagus.For example,the valav of Euthalia is long;the valva of Athyma is near parallelogram;the valav of Auzakia is very long;most species in Neptis have concave and furcella in the end of their valva.The length of mitochondrial genome sequences of 19 butterfies self-tested is all about 15 000 bp,including a total of 37 genes: 13 protein-coding genes,22 t RNA genes,2 r RNA genes(rrn L and rrn S)and 1 A+T-rich region.The content of A+T of the whole is 79.5-81%,and the A+T rich region’s is 91.2-96.2%,showing apparent AT-skew.The start codon of cox1 is always CGA,the stop codons of cox2,nad1,nad4,nad5 are always a single T,nad3 always choose TAA or TAG as stop codon.The highest relative synonymous codon usage is AUU and UUA,the most frequenstly used amino acid is Leu,Ser,Arg.the secondary structures of 22 t RNAs are typical of the clover type except trn S1,whose dihydrouracil ring and arm are missing.Base on the mitochondrial genome sequences,take D.nesimachus and A.ariadne as outer groups to study mitochondrial genome sequences,and choose 41 species to construct BI trees and ML tree.The results showed that butterflies of the other four tribes were first clustered together except for Chalingini,and under the tribe the topology of all species is the same.Conclusions are as followed:(1)Support the view that the Limenitinae in China is divided into 5 tribes,Parthenini,Euthaliini,Limenitini,Neptini,Chalingini;(2)Don’t support the monophyly of Athyma,Parasarpa,Euthalia,Neptis,and they are likely to be paraphyletic groups.(3)The results of comparative morphology and molecular research have a little bit difference.Comparative morphology support Phaedyma as a genus,while the result of phylogenetic tree shows that butterflies in Phaedyma should be moved to Neptis;... |
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