Research On The Translation And Engraving Process And Its Significance Of "Qingwen Translation Of The Complete Tripitaka Sutra"

This paper on the basis of literature study,translation and ethnic history research theory and method,and combined with field investigation and comparative study on the text,on the basis of predecessors' research,the qing qianlong period after "ku" completed a huge cultural project-"qing wen to translate all the scriptures the translation process and significance of the detailed discussion and research.The translation and publication of the entire Tibetan sutra in the qing dynasty is undoubtedly a cultural project that costs a lot of manpower,money and time.Emperor qian long,therefore,all matters relating to translation is engraved by the qing dynasty assumed office,shall be ordered to yong Rong,ho-shen and blessing from the royal princes and is responsible for the overall transaction and coordination,and convened zhangjia,if will run and Jin Jian dynasty buddhist scholar and reading of specific tasks such as translation and proofreading,and,finally still need Cheng Lan qianlong emperor himself rear can which print."Qing wen to translate all the scriptures the moment,is the culture of the qing government to the highest level engineering to carry out and complete,on the history of the cultural project background,preparation,translating to time,place,personnel,the translation of engraved steps such as specific content,detailed research will help us on ethnic policies of qing dynasty and the qing government internal different ethnic groups.We and the handling of affairs to have a better understanding.At the same time,it can also help us understand how the qing dynasty led the translation and cultural introduction of different ethnic languages by the court.The study of the translation of the complete Tibetan scriptures in the qing dynasty has a long history in the academic circle,but there are still many doubts and different viewpoints.In the field of tibetology,there is almost no academic paper or monograph on the translation of the complete Tibetan scriptures in the qing dynasty,especially in the Tibetan language.From this,the author then initiation with the posture of the newborn cow is not afraid of tiger to do a fill the blank of the idea of work.In the actual research process,it is found that in previous researches,most of the articles belong to the repetitive narration without changing the dressing,but there are many doubts about the more important basic issues such as time,place and characters,and various opinions are different.In addition,previous studies generally lack the support of Tibetan materials.Therefore,on the basis of the existing research,the author integrates all kinds of research materials,and adds the relevant documents of ancient Tibetan books,and then discusses the translation process and some basic issues of the translation of the entire Tibetan sutra in qing dynasty in detail,and puts forward some new viewpoints.The author believes that the translation of the entire Tibetan sutra in the qing dynasty is a cultural project under a specific historical and social background.The main manifestation is in three aspects: first,the relationship between the qing government and Tibetan Buddhism was getting closer and closer;Second,by the time of qianlong dynasty,the traditional culture such as manchu language and characters gradually disappeared,and the qing government introduced "mandarin riding and shooting" and other countermeasures.Third,Buddhism has become the belief carrier of the manchu people,who were dominated by the high level of the qing government.Under such a social and cultural background,the translation of the entire Tibetan sutra in the qing dynasty came into being.As a huge cultural project,its completion needs every step in an orderly way.Before the official opening of the translation of the entire Tibetan sutra in the qing dynasty,the preparatory work can be said to have been under way for a long time.First,zhangjia buddhist have compiled the drive makes wen rhyme system with the drive makes full backing to zephaniah,the han,Mongolian and wall all spell "the blessed one was full of the combination of five body xian han of thousand name" o "drive makes full han Mongolian's close courtesy honk,Mongolian and Tibetan han characters such as control of reference books,became in the translation of important resources in all the scriptures and authoritative dictionaries.In addition,in the hall of martial arts in xihua gate,the qing government set up a "qingzi jing guan",and equipped with specialized staff to do translation and printing in manchu,Mongolian and Tibetan.Later,"qingzi jing guan" and these specialized staff were immediately used in the work of "translating the entire Tibetan sutra in qing",which promoted the rapid progress of the project.About the qing wen to translate all the scriptures carved a matter of time,the existing research results more controversial,the authors compare the qianlong drive makes the preface to clear text translation all the scriptures and the Tibetan ancient books "biography of zhangjia,if will run after a number of important historical materials,think,qianlong 36 years(1771)started the preparation,the following year,namely thirty-seven years of qianlong(1772)formally began in the qing dynasty by the word translation and organizing the printing work.After each letter is translated and finalized,it starts to be stereotyped and printed.Therefore,the translation and printing work are carried out almost simultaneously.By the 55 th year of qianlong's reign(1790),the translation had been basically completed,and the printing had been completed by the 59 th year of qianlong's reign(1794).Some scholars think that before the qing wen to translate all the scriptures the translation work is done as the illustration of the temple in chengde,but from the first historical archives of China " the qianlong dynasty imperial edict file " yu pavilion continued to record " and so on can be seen in the historical materials,the clear text translation all the scriptures the carved work all is in pavilion is located in the xihua gate of qing dynasty by the word and the hall of martial valor.The list of people involved in this work and the specific content of the work are also in the "translation of the entire Tibetan sutra" appendix "title" a letter,a total of 95 people.These 95 people have different division of labor,each kind of work closely connected with each other to form a strict translation process.After the first step is completed by the translator,the translation will be submitted to the proofreader for verification.The proofreader will submit the translation to the President and vice President of the President and the monk for review.After that,it will be submitted to the qianlong emperor for final approval.From the perspective of translation studies,the translation of the complete Tibetan sutra of the qing dynasty should refer to the two most important works of translation theory at that time,namely the source of the wise by zhang jia jobidoge and the interpretation of the qing dynasty by wei xianggan.At the same time,it can also be considered that the translation of the entire Tibetan sutra is an important practical achievement of these two translation works.Therefore,scholars have different opinions on the translation of the entire Tibetan sutra based on the tripitaka sutra or the buddhist sutra in different languages.Face location predecessors from various views,the author intends to break new ground,finally through a large number of Tibetan,han,Mongolian script "Tibetan tripitaka" directory and a comparative study found that after the qing wen to translate all the scriptures the directory in which the order and books content,function and Tibetan kangyur agreement through basic,and kangyur more hasten is consistent with the Beijing version,and Mongolian kangyur also have many similarities,and with Chinese "Tibetan tripitaka" directory.In addition,records of the qianlong dynasty and other historical records show that the Tibetan ganjuer and danjur were highly respected in the qing palace at that time,and almost one of them was enshrined in each hall.Emperor qianlong also criticized the jinxes according to the original Tibetan pronunciation,and pointed out the existence of many problems in the jinxes.To sum up,it can be inferred that the translation of the complete Tibetan sutra in the qing dynasty is based on the translation of the Tibetan ganjuer,and that it also refers to the contents of the Chinese and Mongolian tripitaka in the specific volumes and entries of buddhist sutras.At that time,a total of 12 copies of the translation of the entire Tibetan sutra in the qing dynasty were printed,some of which were kept in the palace and the rest were awarded to shengjing(now shenyang),chengde and potala palace in Tibet.So far,there are only two books in the world,one of which is collected by the potala palace in Tibet(one letter missing),the Palace Museum(76 letters),and the Taipei Palace Museum(32 letters).The translation of the entire Tibetan sutra in qing dynasty and its edition represent the highest level of block printing and decoration of books in the inner palace of the qing dynasty.The translation and publishing of the complete Tibetan scriptures in the qing dynasty not only promoted Tibetan Buddhism to become a new belief carrier among the manchu people,but also promoted the stability and unity of the multi-ethnic unified country in the qing dynasty,and promoted the exchanges and exchanges of ethnic cultures.At the same time,it has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experience in the translation of ethnic languages.