| Intensive and large-scale livestock and poultry breeding mode will easily cause excessive fat deposition of livestock and poultry.Forage with antibiotics and hormones will lead to excessive drug deposition in livestock and poultry,which is in contradiction with the improvement of people's living standards and quality,and the increasingly high requirements for the safety and meat quality of livestock and poultry products.In order to alleviate the current situation of the tight supply and demand of corn and soybean meal in China,the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas of China issued a plan on "Reducing and Replacing Corn ands Soybean Meal in Feed".In order to improve the quality of livestock and poultry products and respond to the national policy of " Reducing and Replacing Corn ands Soybean Meal in Feed ",we should study the natural,green,healthy feed resources that can replace corn and soybean meal and produce livestock and poultry products with good nutrition,good taste,safety,green and no harm.It is particularly important to promote the development of animal husbandry.P.lobata has high nutritional value,medicinal value,the characteristics of good palatability,high yield and strong adaptability.P.lobata contains a variety of bioactive components,of which is flavonoid with the functions of anti-virus,anti-tumor and improving immunity.At present,people make little use of P.lobata,which is often abandoned,resulting in waste of resources.Therefore,0%(control),3%,5% and 7% diets of K9 broilers were replaced by P.lobata powders in this study.After feeding for 90 days,we detected the growth performance,slaughter performance,organ index,muscle quality and blood indexes of K9 broilers.The results are as follows:1.Nutritional value of P.lobata: The contents of crude protein(CP),crude fiber(CF)and ether extract(EE)of P.lobata were 21.17%,28.90% and 3.03% respectively,which had high nutritional value.According to the feed relative value(RFV)rating standard,P.lobata was the first grade forage and its protein was the special grade forage.2.Growth performance: P.lobata had no significant effect on average daily gain and feed to weight ratio(P>0.05).However,compared with the control group,the average daily gain of group with different proportion of P.lobata increased slightly,and the feed to weight ratio decreased slightly.The 5% group had the highest average daily gain,which was higher 1.18g(3.12%)than that of the control group.And the 3% group had the lowest feed to weight ratio,which was lower0.82(10.11%)than that of the control group.3.Slaughtering performance: For full eviscerated rate and half eviscerated rate,the 5% group was the largest and the control group was the smallest,with the rates of 80.47%,78.74% and65.16%,64.23% respectively.For carcass rate and breast muscle rate,the 7% group was the largest and the control group was the smallest,with the rates of 89.41%,87.94% and 17.31%,16.21% respectively.For leg muscle rate,the 3% group was the largest and the control group was the smallest,with the rates of 12.02% and 10.43% respectively,and the leg muscle rate of 3%group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).4.Organ index: P.lobata had no significant effect on liver index and spleen index of K9 broilers,but increased thymus index to a certain extent.Compared with the control group,the thymus index of 3%,5% and 7% groups increased by 0.15 mg/g(62.5%),0.12 mg/g(50%)and0.2% respectively.The thymus index of 7% group was significantly increased(P<0.05);the bursa index of 5% group was significantly increased(P<0.05),in which 5% group was the largest and 3%group was the smallest,with the indexs of 0.13 mg/g and 0.05 mg/g,respectively.5.Physical properties of muscle: The shear force of muscle decreased by 2.25 N(5.15%),0.29 N(0.66%)and 5.71 N(13.06%)in 3%,5% and 7% groups,respectively.The meat color of 3%group was the highest(63.73%),and that of 7% group was the lowest(54.95%);the p H of each group was between 5.18 and 6.12,which belonged to the first-class freshness muscle.The drip loss rate and cooking loss rate of muscle decreased after adding P.lobata,in which the drip loss rate of 5% group decreased the most 0.79%(37.8%),and the cooking loss rate of 7% group decreased the most 3.7%(13.24%).6.Nutrients in muscle: K9 broilers diet added P.lobata can improve the contents of dry matter and crude protein in muscle,among the 5% group had a significant influence on muscle dry matter content(P<0.05).The contents of crude protein for 3%,5%,7% groups respectively increased by 0.85%(4.08%),0.32%(1.54%)and 1.74%(8.35%),which the 7% group significantly increased muscle crude protein content(P<0.05).Besides,the muscle fat and cholesterol were not significantly affected after added P.lobata in K9 broilers diet.The muscle fat content in the 7% group decreased the most,and the muscle cholesterol content in the 5% group decreased the most,which were 2.48 ?mol/m L/g(59.05%)and 0.39 ?mol/m L/g(6.87%),respectively.7.Flavor substance in muscle: The total amount of umami amino acids in 7% group > 5%group > 3% group > control group was in order,and the total content of umami amino acids in 7%group was significantly higher than that in control group(P<0.05),which was increased by 9.73mg/g(18.2%).The order of total essential amino acids and 17 kinds of amino acids were as follows: 7% group > 3% group > 5% group > control group,and the 7% group had the largest value(51.9 mg/g and 142.82 mg/g,respectively),which were significantly increased compared with control group(P<0.05),5.69 mg/g(12.31%)and 20.97 mg/g(17.21%),respectively.The inosinic acid content in 3%,5%,and 7% groups increased by 0.93 mg/g(15.76%),0.49 mg/g(8.31%)and 0.80 mg/g(13.56%),respectively,and the inosinic acid content in muscle in 3% and7% groups were significantly increased(P<0.05).8.Antioxidant enzyme content in muscle: P.lobata supplementation effectively reduced the malondialdehyde(MDA)content in muscle,which decreased by 3.39 nmol/g(8.73%),0.87nmol/g(2.24%)and 0.40 nmol/g(1.03%)in 3%,5% and 7% groups,respectively.Compared with control group,the content of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)in 3%,5% and 7% groups increased by 53.11 nmol/min/g(14.65%),22.35 nmol/min/g(6.17%)and 30.22 nmol/min/g(8.34%),respectively.The catalase(CAT)content in muscle of 3% group increased the most,which was 13.06 U/g(16.14%);the content of superoxide dismutase(SOD)in muscle of 5%group was significantly increased(P<0.05).9.Blood indexes: Total protein(TP)content in control group was the lowest,which was64.15 g/L,and that in 5% group was the highest,which was 77.00 g/L.Compared with control group,TP content in 3% and 5% groups was significantly increased(P<0.05).Albumin(ALB)content in 3% group was the highest(48.16 g/L),which was 17.66% higher than that in control group.The content of globulin(GLO)in 5% group was the highest(29.93 g/L),which was 18.77%higher than that in control group.The blood glucose(Glu)content in 5% group was the highest(5.64mmol/L),while that in 7% group was the lowest(4.80mmol/L).The content of triglyceride(TG)in control group was the highest(1.16mmol/L),and that in 5% group was the lowest(0.78mmol/L).Compared with the control group,the serum total cholesterol(TC)content in 3%,5%and 7% groups decreased by 0.20 mmol/L(4.03%),0.48 mmol/L(9.68%)and 0.83 mmol/L(16.73%),respectively.The content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)in 3%,5%and 7% groups increased by 0.26 mmol/L(23.64%),0.38 mmol/L(34.55%)and 0.53 mmol/L(48.18%),respectively.The content of low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)in 3% group was the highest(1.76 mmol/L),while that in 7% group was the lowest(1.40 mmol/L).In conclusion,P.lobata had high nutritional value and good feeding effect.The results showed that P.lobata had a positive effect on the production performance,slaughter performance and organ index of K9 broilers to a certain extent,and could improve the muscle quality and enhance the body's immunity.The comprehensive analysis of membership function showed that the best feeding effect was when the addition of P.lobata was 7%.This research provided basic data for the application in broiler breeding and the further development and utilization of P.lobata as a natural,green and healthy new ecological feed additive. |
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