| The outline of the Health China 2030 plan proposes to carry out national physical fitness tests,improve the system of health testing,develop and apply national physical health monitoring data,and carry out sports risk assessment." Therefore,the development of sports health risk assessment has an important role in promoting the health of all people.Marathon sports has a definite beneficial effect on human body,psychological and social adaptation.However,in the process of participating in the marathon,there are also health risk factors in personal behavior,natural environment and social environment,such as running posture,local climate,religious activities,medical services,etc.These risks may endanger momentary health in mild cases or endanger life in serious cases.Therefore,carrying out marathon health risk assessment and establishing a marathon health risk assessment index system will have a positive contribution to marathon runners’ getting healthy by avoiding risks.This paper takes the construction of marathon health risk assessment index system as the research object and uses the literature method to collect a large amount of literature to lay a solid theoretical foundation for this study.By using the Delphi method to distribute three rounds of expert questionnaires,this paper constructs a marathon exercise health risk index system.And the hierarchical analysis method is used to determine different levels of indicators and their weights,and the order of risk according to the importance of risk.The questionnaire survey method is applied to investigate the Shenyang Marathon.This paper ensures the feasibility of the index system through an empirical study and compiles the results by sorting them.The results of the survey are evaluated by applying the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method to evaluate the health risk level of Shenyang Marathon,so as to establish the health risk assessment index system of marathon.Through the above-mentioned methods,the following results are obtained.Physical health risks include damage-causing risks,pathogenic risks,and fatal risks,among which,the importance of fatal risks is ranked as follows: exercise sudden death > geological risks > riot or trampling risks > weather risks.Pathogenic risks in order of importance: muscle cramps > abdominal soreness during exercise > exercise syncope > delayed muscle pain > hypoglycemia > heat stroke.Damage-causing risks in order of importance: closed injury > open injury > special injury.Mental health risks include: cognitive,emotional and attitudinal risks.Cognitive risks in order of importance: water and nutrition supply> running posture > equipment > purpose of the race >post-race stretching > physical function recovery> participation regulations.Emotional risks in order of importance: anxiety > fear > sadness > panic.Attitude risks in order of importance:attitude towards difficulties > attitude towards the race goal > attitude towards the whole planning of the race > attitude towards the race organization and management.Social adjustment risks contain social adjustment and social support risks.Social interaction risks in order of importance:language > content of communication > range of interaction > frequency of interaction > number of people interacting.Social support risks are ranked in order of importance: timeliness of emergency handling > policy support > security knowledge promotion rate > safety signage coverage > medical staff professionalism > soundness of emergency rescue facilities > perfection of preparation plan.An empirical study is conducted on the health risk assessment index system of marathon sports,and the overall rating value of the empirical survey is 3.4478,with the overall risks level between average and large.The correlation coefficient between the two factors of the actual survey assessment results and the expert evaluation results is 0.855,and the results show that the survey results and the expert evaluation results are highly correlated with a high degree of consistency.The conclusions of the study are as follows.1.This study establishes five principles for the construction of the marathon sports health risk assessment index system,including the principles of comprehensiveness,systematicity,scientificity,representativeness,and practicality.2.The study establishes the marathon sports health assessment index system,which has 51 indicators,including three first-level indicators,8 secondary indexes and 40 tertiary indexes.And the first-level indicators are ordered as follows: physical health risk,mental health social adaptation risk.The 8secondary indexes rank as: lethality risk,social support,attitude,cognition,pathogenic risk,social interaction,impairment risk,emotion.3.After the empirical study,the marathon sports health assessment index system has certain rationality and applicability,and can be used for the marathon event management to assess the sports health risks of participants.Based on the above study,the following recommendations are made.Firstly,in terms of cognitive risk,it is recommended that runners should strengthen their all-round understanding of marathon-related information.In terms of emotional risk,it is recommended that runners should adjust their mindset to avoid stressful behaviors that threaten physical health risks.In terms of attitude,it is recommended that runners should strengthen their global awareness of participation before the race,plan the whole race during the race,and take an active precautionary attitude in recovering physical functions after the race.Secondly,it is suggested that the government should strengthen the organic integration between scientific and technological testing and administration and the coordinated operation between various organizational departments such as transportation,industry and commerce,meteorology and the improvement of infrastructure.Thirdly,it is suggested that the event operator should make full use of modern Internet and other multimedia devices to increase the safety education and publicity of marathon sports and risk prevention,so as to improve participants’ awareness of self-safety and protection. |
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