Research On The Gender Differences In The Employment Of Higher Educated Labor In State-owned Departments

With the continuous marketization of China’s economic system and the optimization of the economic environment,the private economy has been developing rapidly.The private economy has shown crucial role in aspects of stabilizing economic growth,promoting innovation,increasing employment rate,and improving people’s living standard.As for employment status,the number of college graduates has been increasing with years.Civil service examination is still popular among graduates,however,numerous college graduates prefer non state-owned enterprises such as private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises.Through the studies on college graduates’ enterprises selection and distribution in various industries,the changes in macroeconomic environment and the micro mechanism which affects college graduates’ choosing of enterprises are explored.Besides,domestic studies on factors of income differences which caused by gender in labor market have shifted from human capital factors such as education background and work experiences to sector segmentation factors brought by the ownership reform.Most of those studies focus on the discussion of sector segmentation,few of them combined the sector segmentation with models.Based on the data of “China Household Financial Survey(CHFS)” in 2015,the present study adopts the models of heckman-probit,Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition,and Brown decomposition to investigate the distribution change trends of college graduates,their gender variations in enterprises selection,and the effect of sector segmentation’s on income difference.The results show that:(1)the proportion of Chinese college graduates entering the state-owned enterprises decreased with years and has stabilized in 30%-40% in recent years.Male and female college graduates have no significant difference in the distribution.Male college graduates have a higher employment rate in state-owned enterprises and government departments,while female college graduates’ employ rate is prominent in public institutions.Among the graduates who employed in the state-own sectors in recent 30 years,the proportion of employment of public institutions has declined,while the proportion of state-owned enterprises are on the contrary.Simultaneously,the proportion of men’s employment in government agencies has decreased,and that of women are increasing,which shows that gender discrimination has decreased and female college students are treated fairly by state-owned enterprises.(2)Among the factors which influence graduates’ employment rate in the state-owned sector,education background,age,non-agricultural census register,joining the Communist Party,western regions,and non-competitive industries have a positive influence,and gender and family factors have no significant effect.As for promoting college graduates’ employment rates in the state-owned sector,joining the Communist Party has more obvious influences on man than women,and education has greater impact on female graduates than male.With no discrimination,an additional 2.591% of men and an additional 1.382% of women will be employed in the non-state sector.This result shows that under current economic environment,education background has more obvious influence in increasing women’s employment rate in the state-owned sector than joining the Communist Party.(3)Factors such as experiences,education,position,and regional location and industries have a significant impact on income,and the effect on men is greater than women.As for non-state own sector,factors like education background and working experience of graduates have more obvious influences on wage,and those factor have facilitation more apparent effect on men than women..The male income of government agencies and the female income public institutions in the eastern region are significantly higher than the western region,(4)Similar with previous studies,the average salary of male graduates in the state-owned sector is 18.68% higher than that of female,and the proportion in the nonstate-owned sector is 23.34%.The OB decomposition found that only about 20% of the differences in gender income can be explained by observable factors such as education,experience,party membership,occupation,and industry,and about 80% came from gender discrimination in the market.The results of Brown’s decomposition found that almost all of the differences exists in the interior of a sector.For the college graduates,the division in sectors has no obvious impact on increasing gender income gap.The results of this study show that differential treatment of female college students can be reduced by upgrading education background.The division in sectors has no obvious impact on increasing gender income gap.However,gender discrimination still exist in income and employment in state-owned sectors.