Study On Friendship Between Intellectuals And Monks In Dali Area From Late Ming To Early Qing Dynasty

It was a period of vicissitudes in history at the end of Ming dynasty and the beginning of Qing dynasty because of dynastic succession.During this period,the Qing dynasty central plain under an alien regime,the remaining forces of Ming dynasty established several regimes in south.As the Qing army moved south,Zhu Youlang,Prince of Gui,supported by Li Dingguo and others,built the capital of Kunming,bringing temporary hope to the southwest.Previously,the mentality of the literati class,which had arisen since the Ming dynasty strengthened its management of the southwest region,had undergone a major change during this period.At the same time,the monks were becoming more and more secular.Under the influence of political changes,the situation of escaping Buddhism and the secularization of Buddhism,the social intercourse between Intellectuals and Monks in Dali area is quite obvious,they made friends by paying visit,going out with each other,exchanging poetry and exploring poetry.Because of the influence of the times,most of the scholars and monks in Dali area in this period were adherents of the late Ming dynasty.They did not want to become officials in the Qing dynasty and quit their posts to return to their homeland or become monks.They also saw the light of hope of restoring Ming after the Southern Ming dynasty entered Yunnan,most of them had the national integrity and the spirit of loyalty to the Emperor and Ming Dynasty.From the view of the scholar-monk intercourse,we can explore the general situation of the Ming adherent society in Dali area.The socializing between the adherents reflected followings: The composition of the adherents’ group of the Ming Dynasty in Dali at that time;the adherents’ sense of identity and belonging to the adherents’ group;the regional characteristics of the gathering of the adherents’ group;the complex thoughts and spiritual mutual consolation of the adherents;the marginalize of the political identity of the adherents and the social contribution made by the marginal adherents of Ming dynasty during the change of the political status,such as literary and artistic creation,construction and renovation of temples,and development of local education.As a social phenomenon closely connected with the political environment,scholars and monks made friends in Dali area in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty,it has brought the profound influence for the development of the Buddhism culture,the literature and the Confucianism-buddhism culture,and also left some precious religious and cultural remains for the Dali area.In addition to the introduction and conclusion,the full paper is divided into four parts.The first part combines the new situation of Buddhism and education development since the Ming dynasty,after the central dynasty strengthened its economic and strategic measures to the southwest region,this part discusses the changes of the mentality of the scholars and the secularization of the Buddhist monks in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.In all,it’s makes a comprehensive investigation on the historical background of the intercourse between intellectuals and monks.The second part sorts out the general situation of the intercourse between the intellectuals and the monks in Dali area at the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing dynasty,and takes the intercourse between the monks and the scholars as cases,Dan Dang with intellectuals,Da Cuo with intellectuals and Chen Zuocai with monks,to study the social intercourse of scholar-monk in detail.And to sum up the main pattern of intellectuals-monks intercourse through the above research.The third part discusses the general situation of the local adherents society from the perspective of the contacts between scholars and monks in Dali area at the end of Ming dynasty and the beginning of Qing dynasty,including the composition and identification of the adherents group,the convergent characteristics of adherents and the political reasons behind the characteristics,the adherents’ thoughts reflected in the social intercourse between scholars and monks,and the social activities of Ming adherents.The fourth part discusses the historical significance of the social intercourse between the local intellectuals and the monks in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty.In the process of making friends with the monks,the scholars wrote poems for the monks,wrote inscriptions and inscriptions for the monks and their monasteries,provided funds for the renovation and construction of the monasteries where the monks lived,and visited the famous Buddhist Mountains in Dali,these actions not only glorified the culture of Buddhist mountains and temples,but also promoted Buddhism and Dharma,and promoted the development of Buddhist culture in Dali area,both the Buddhist thought in the scholar’s poetry and the Confucian’s concern for the secular world in the monk’s poetry are the result of mutual accommodation between the two sides,all enriched the content of Dali regional literature at that time and the thought and aesthetic taste reflected in the literature works.In addition,the communication between the scholars represented by Confucian culture and the monks represented by Buddhist culture promoted the communication and integration of Confucian and Buddhist culture in Dali.