Chronicles Of Major Events In The Southern Song Dynasty’s Six Mausoleums

Song Zhezong’s empress Meng died in Shaoxing Temporary Palace due to a stroke in 1131,leaving a legacy to be buried in daily clothes and to simplify the related matters.Until the military was calmed,the corpses were parked nearby before moved to the royal mausoleum in Gongxian County,Henan Province.Due to the situation,Meng was buried in Shanghuang Village of Kuaiji.The name of Cuangong really started from that.Since then,Gaozong,Xiaozong,Guangzong,Ningzong,Lizong,Duzong of the Southern Song Dynasty and Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty were buried here,including empress Zheng,empress Xing,empress Xie and empress Yang of the Gaozong,Xiaozong and Ningzong which were collectively referred to as Six Mausoleums.In 1264,the ruling class led by the western monk Yang Lianzhenjia excavated the royal mausoleum of the Song Dynasty to seek gold and silver treasures,breaking the coffins and abandoning the emperors’ remains.Fortunately,the righteous in the late Song Dynasty buried the bones in Lanting Mountain and planted some holly trees in front of the informal Palace of the Song Dynasty.In the early Ming Dynasty,Zhu Yuanzhang ordered to revisit and repair the mausoleums of the emperors in the past dynasties,then the six mausoleums of the Southern Song Dynasty were repaired and protected.Cemetery is located in today’s Shaoxing Fusheng Town Cuangong Village Baoshan,existing relics are all underground buildings.This paper attempts to chronicle the events of the Six Mausoleums in the Southern Song Dynasty,mainly based on historical materials such as “History of Song Dynasty”“History of Jin Dynasty”“History of Meta Dynasty” and absorbing the chronicle literature such as “North League of Three Dynasties” “Miscellaneous Notes since Jianyan”“Chronicle of the years since the founding of Jianyan”.First of all,to determine the birth and death years of the emperors and empresses,the time of excavation of the mausoleums in the Yuan Dynasty,and the sacrificial protection of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty.Secondly,studying local chronicles and genealogy to finally refer to the notes since the Song and Yuan Dynasties,which can supply the events happened during that time.For example,the death of Emperor Qinzong’s Emperess Zhu,“ History of Song Dynasty ” recorded “ did not know when he passed away”and other books also said that.According to the relevant records in notes such as “unofficial history of Jingkang”,“legacy during Xuanhe” and “Southern Song dynasty record”,it was concluded that he actually died on August 24,1128,the second year of Jianyan.The historical records recorded the contradictions of the years,such as the year of Qinzong’s death,“History of Song Dynasty” recorded he died in the winter of the 30 th year of Shaoxing,and “History of Jin Dynasty” recorded his death in June of the first year of Zhenglong,so all factors were considered : when Huizong’s empress Zheng’s died in the fourth years of Jianyan,Jin dynasty still secret of it,untile the seventh years of Shaoxing obituary went to the Song court;There was no news about Gao Zong’s Empress death.Until the Wei’s return to the court in the twelfth years of Shaoxing.Qin Zong was an important bargaining chip between the Jin people and the Song court,and the time recorded by the Song court was not desirable,so it was recorded in “History of Jin Dynasty”.When it comes to inconsistencies between Official history and notes,such as Gaozong’s birth mother Wei,the official history contains that she was alive for more than eighty years.“Unoffical history of Jingkang”contains that she died in seventy.On the basis of records founded in“History of Song Dynasty”“Collected works by Wen Zhong” and other,referring to Huizong and Qiao Guifei’ age and young girl’s age when they got into palace by requirements of textual research,her life span should seventy.Another example,when Western monk excavated mausoleums in the Yuan Dynasty was mainly from the the fifteenth and twenty-first years of the Yuan Dynasty,and there was a debate between them for twenty-two years.On the basis of predecessors ’ research results,this paper adds some materials such as the time of Yuan Dynasty ’s worship of Buddhism to destroy Taoism,and the time of going up lots of buildings.It is known that the time of excavation of mausoleums can be determined to the 21 th year of Zhiyuan,which is consistent with the year written in “History of Meta Dynasty”,also record of the fifteenth year of the Zhiyuan was attached to for information.What Notes are recorded but official history has missed,such as Hu Dahai who lived in the late Yuan and Ming Dynasty excavated mausoleums again have also been included.The maintenance of the Republic of China to modern times refer to the archaeological notes of the field archaeologist Ge Guoqing of the Six Mausoleums of the Song Dynasty,presenting the important moments of the Six Tombs of the Song Dynasty from ancient times to the present.In addition to determining the above important time nodes,this paper also involves the location of the mausoleums,ritual activities,funeral system,mausoleum maintenance,which mainly discusses the site selection and maintenance.When the Empress Meng died in the first year of Shaoxing,it was more than 30 years since Emperor Shenzong’s Empress Xiang died.The ministers of the Southern Dynasties were newly appointed,and the funeral rites were rarely available for reference.However,the site selection of their mausoleums was still based on the theory of five-tone benefit surname in the Northern Song Dynasty.When the three coffins of Huizong,Zheng of Huizong and Xing of Gaozong were buried in the twelfth year of Shaoxing,the location were based on the mausoleums of the Empress Meng,and arrange left and right in order to the northwest like a string of fishes.The location should be chosen by Meng’s mausoleum hundred steps away from the address,but the terrain was too low which can not be used to place graves,thus the location was moved to fifty steps away.When Gaozong died in the fourteenth years of Chunxi,Zhao Ruyu suggested that Xiaozong should change the theory of five-tone benefit surname,and build a mausoleum to bury Gaozong on the mountain.However,the regulations of the ancestral clan are still in accordance with the previous regulations.When Xiaozong died in the fifth years of Shaoxi,the problem of site selection was more prominent.There were water and stone under the original burial place,which was difficult to be built.At this time,the localization degree of the north immigrants was higher than a few decades ago.Therefore,under the reality and the insistence of a number of ministers such as Zhao Ruyu and Zhu Xi,Xiaozong was compromised and buried in the south between Mausoleum of the Yongyou and Mausoleum of the Yongsi lower palace.At the time of Ningzong,the cemetery with the core of Meng’s mausoleum finally had no place to choose,and choosed a new place at Taining Temple on the side of her mausoleum.This event not only triggered the dynastic debate that year,until now there is still debate in academic circles: whether it was adhere to the ancestral law or has chosen the southern situation sect.In this paper,the site selection of the Yongmao Mausoleum of Ningzong is regarded as a mild and moderate transformation from large to small profit target at least on the surface.Through systematic review,the development and transformation of the royal family in the Southern Song Dynasty on the choice of mausoleum sites are completely reflected.Zhao Ruyu,Zhu Xi and other people’s memorial to the throne also used in the text.Zhou Bida’s political diary “Records of siling”also preserves many valuable historical materials such as engineering buildings,court disputes and so on,which provides an important reference for the study of the mausoleum forms of the emperors below Gaozong.In the aspect of mausoleum maintenance,daily management and maintenance affairs are carried out by the Superintendent of Cuangong,including tree planting,house and wall repair,and so on.Taining Temple,the grave temple,is responsible for birthdays,taboos and other things.In this paper’s process of chronicling,the discussion of the material is presented in the form of comments.Every word in this paper has its solid reference,and has shown‘sympathetic understanding’ to things which always been more controversial such as Qin Zong failed to return to the Song dynasty and the performance of Gao Zong.The relevant literary works about six mausoleums are shown in Appendix “Liuling Records after the robbery”.