A Study On The Changing Course Of Garong Tibetan Toilets And Its Causes

With the rapid development of modern economy and society,the modern urban way of life enters into everyone’s daily life more quickly,and this direct entry often brings "the consequences of modernity".Toilet,as a civilized embodiment of a region,often has the characteristics of modernity in the process of its evolution and transformation.In the problem of toilet transformation in our country,this kind of "modern" means of clean sanitation and public health is actually a kind of "out of domain" society,and it is very difficult to combine with our traditional society.This has brought about modern problems such as environmental pollution,ecological deterioration and so on.The field spot of this paper is located in Zhonglu Township,Danba County,Ganzi Prefecture,Sichuan Province,which is a typical Jiarong Tibetan village.The author takes the toilet as a core research object,under the guidance of the holistic view,to discuss the establishment process of urban life style and the construction of its living space in the production and life system of the whole village.Through the field study of toilets in an ethnic village,this paper hopes to explore the urban life style of modern society in the countryside of our country,especially in the process of the establishment of ethnic villages,and in such a process,the role of many factors such as state,capital and technology.On the basis of fieldwork,this paper also hopes to find a possible path for the modernization of folklore in the future.From the reading of the existing materials and the review of field investigation,there are two major stages and an attempt in the changing process of toilets in Zhonglu Township of Danba County: the stage of aqua privies and the stage of entry and development of flushing toilets,and the attempt to build ecological aqua privies.Before the 1950 s,the toilets of ordinary people in Zhonglu Township were mostly on the bottom floor of the house,mixed with the living space of livestock,and only the toilets of a small number of people with status were built on the hanging feet toilet outside the second floor of the bunker.After the 1950 s,based on the concepts of class equality and health,most ordinary families completed the transformation from enclosed toilets to foot-hanging toilets,and the toilets were moved from the inside to the outside of the house.After the 1990 s,under the influence of market economy,village highway,rural construction,tourism development,rural tourism and family hotel construction,the reconstruction of bunkers and flushing toilets in Zhonglu Township were carried out at the same time.In order to meet the needs of receiving foreign tourists.Then,flushing toilets have also become an organic part of the daily living space and modern way of life of local people,especially for the use of young people.The original hanging foot toilet,mainly for the elderly living on the second floor,is also described as a representative symbol of local traditional culture for tourists and outsiders to enjoy.During this period,the biogas transformation of the local aqua privies in the1970 s set off another upsurge of transformation under the stimulation of policy subsidies.Although local people think that biogas is also easy to use,due to "changing the circle" and other reasons,the transformation of "environmentally friendly" and "clean" aqua privies has not become a climate.Whether it is the "scientific" and "environmental protection" transformation of aqua privies,or the "sanitation" transformation of toilets in the construction of new rural areas,the local response and participation will and efforts need to be improved.On the other hand,although the local water quality is not affected,the widespread use of flushing toilets in the local area has caused local people to worry about the local environment and water quality based on environmental factors.In view of the transformation of local people’s ideas and the need for environmental protection,foreign forest schools have carried out many times of transformation of aqua privies.The transformation of aqua privies in forest schools attempts to build on the basis of local ecology,livelihood and ecological wisdom through the "collection of feces and urine" of "modern","environmental protection" and "science".However,the combination of the excavation of local ecological wisdom with the concept of external modernization,the effect of the transformation of aqua privies and the acceptance of the local people remain to be tested over time.Judging from the changing course of toilets in Zhonglu Township,the main driving forces are modern discourses such as power and identity,the development of science and civilization,which are influenced by the interaction between modern scientific and health knowledge and local knowledge.it is the result of the change of modern technology,rural tourism,civilized health concept,livelihood life style and internal concept.In the process of this transformation,there are two principles based on "life" and "ecology".The principle of "life" is to effectively connect the foreign "modern" way of life with the local ecology and life,so that the local way of life can be transformed,and the local tradition can be continued to adapt to social changes.The principle of "ecology" finds the combination point and balance point between the localization of modern concepts such as "science" and "environmental protection" and the "science" and "environmental protection" of local knowledge,so as to obtain dual legitimacy.From the analysis of the changing process and motivation of toilets in Zhonglu Township,if the principle of "life" cannot be effectively realized,the change guided by modern concepts such as "ecology" may lose local response;if it is not guided by modern concepts such as "ecology",changes dominated by the principle of "life" may lose external recognition and support.The principle of "life" is the premise and foundation,and the principle of "ecology" is the engine,which may be the two key factors that need to be coordinated to deal with the changes of folklore in the future.