| Based on the existing prehistoric relics in Ganqing area,this paper explores the development and evolution of social life in this area 7800-2400 years ago.Starting from the aspects of clothing,food,housing,transportation and spiritual thinking,the specific studies include: clothing materials,clothing styles and clothing tools;food types and sources,agricultural farming and production and processing;the shape of houses,construction methods and structural functions;transportation,exchange of goods and objects and cross-regional cultural exchanges;objects of belief,sacrificial forms,religious activities,dance art and customs and culture.The prehistoric society in Ganqing area is divided into six stages: about 7800-6800 years ago,including the first stage culture of Daidiwan and the first stage culture of Shizhao Village;about 6800-5300 years ago,including Yangshao culture period;5300-4100 years ago,including Majiayao culture period;4100-3600 years ago,including Qijia culture and Siba culture period;3600-2900 years ago,Xindian culture,Kayo culture and Siwa culture three cultural periods;2900-2400 years ago,mainly Shajing culture period.In terms of housing address,the first stage found only half-hole houses without pillar holes;the second stage developed from half-hole to ground building,and in the latter stage there were large houses with an area of more than several hundred square meters;the third stage of half-hole houses began to distinguish between gateways and residences;the fourth stage saw new developments such as white ash facades,multi-room houses,pillar-hole houses and earth-embryo buildings;the fifth stage saw new houses with wooden piles arranged and constructed as enclosure;and the last stage houses were all developed into ground buildings without ground holes.The settlement of people living in groups evolved from the earliest scattered to the large and dense scale of the late second stage,then the embryonic form of entering and leaving the city,and finally to the sixth stage to develop the castle-style settlement department.In the aspect of food culture,from the first stage,people develop fire in the living room to the emergence of stove pits and pit holes,and then develop various shapes and different styles.On this basis,the fourth stage has a barbecue pit.The fifth stage has added kitchen-like premises.From the first stage,only a small amount of grain crops and rape was found,to the second stage,millet was added,and the subsequent stages increased the number of cannabis seeds,rice,highland barley,wild soybean,wheat,oats and sorghum,and gradually fixed.Drinks also developed from the initial simple water,in the third stage of the development of cattle,goat milk and wine.Livestock from the first stage to a large number of pigs to pig-dog,cattle and sheep second,and then evolved to the fourth and later stages of cattle and sheep,as well as raising horses,camels,donkeys.Tableware in the first stage only simple unprinting all kinds of pottery and spoons,to the third and fourth stages of bone knife and fork and cups,plates and other fine pottery.The production tools developed from stone and bone to the third stage of stone and bone composite,the fourth stage of copper and copper bone composite,and the last stage began to appear iron.From the first stage of agriculture,supplemented by hunting and picking,to the second stage of agriculture,supplemented by pottery handicraft,and then to the third and fourth stages of animal husbandry,half agriculture and half animal husbandry,evolved to the final stage of the formation of half agriculture and half animal husbandry,and also engaged in a variety of handicraft forms.In the first stage,the garment tools only found the most primitive pottery spinning wheel and bone needle,the second stage developed into a fine clay kneading and firing spinning wheel.By the fourth stage,the spinning wheel could weave two kinds of cloth lines,and the grinding degree of bone needle was greatly improved.Compared with modern sewing needle,the last stage spinning wheel could completely textile hemp and sweater,and had the exact textile technique,and could dye yarn.The raw materials of clothing were mainly animal skins,and gradually hemp crops were used as clothing materials.To the last stage,there were not only hemp but also wool and leather.In the first stage of the ornament,there were only bundles of bone and pottery horns,the second stage appeared pottery rings and pottery beads,and the third stage began to become very many.There were bracelets,arms,rings,earrings,wrist ornaments and corner tail ornaments,such as bone,stone,turquoise and shellfish,mussels,and more jade,copper and gold,and new types of beads,mirror ornaments,and bubbles and buckles on clothes,which continued until the last stage.The style of clothes is mainly skirt.In terms of transportation,there was no means of transport in the first stage,and until the fourth stage there was evidence of domestic horses,horses began to be the earliest means of transportation,and in the fifth stage the horses were found in the ways and burial pits,indicating that in addition to carriages,camels and donkeys began to be domesticated,indicating an increase in the variety of vehicles.Primitive worship and other ideological and cultural aspects,The earliest relics related to primitive worship were found in the second stage,with pottery sculpture,the head of the staff,the painting of the earth and the sacrificial activities.In the third stage,different images of pottery sculptures and new sacrificial relics appeared.Musical instruments and dances in the second stage are only a few inferred pottery,to the third stage of pottery painting to explain the emergence of dance;the fourth stage of the emergence of the earliest musical instrument in Ganqing area pottery,and people can sing and dance proof.At first,words only found symbols on pottery fragments,and then they were still symbols on pottery.Until the late prehistoric stage of the fifth stage,real words appeared.Communicate with other regions,By comparing with other cultures,we can see that the first and second stages of the transmission of domestic pigs and millet prove the existence of cross-regional exchanges;the third stage of the "road of painted pottery" makes the exchange of things sprout and cross-regional exchanges range from the Middle East to Western Asia;the fourth stage of the original transactions appeared early currency,cultural exchanges more frequent,more influential;the last two stages of the Ganqing region as a transit place for Chinese and foreign exchanges,both affected and exported. |
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