A Comparative Study Of Tombs In Xia And Shang Dynasties At The South Piedmont Region Of Yanshan Mountain

The southern foothill of Yanshan refers to the transition zone from mountain to plain south of Yanshan,including some areas of Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan,Qinhuangdao,Langfang,Zhangjiakou and so on.During the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties,this region was located in the connection position between the northern bronze culture and the central plains bronze culture.Revealing the cultural connotation of this region is of great significance for in-depth understanding of the cultural outlook of the Chinese bronze age and the formation background of the Yan culture.Academic circles have a lot of academic research related to the Xia and Shang Dynasties in the region,forming a good foundation for further research.The analysis shows that the special research on the tombs of the Xia and Shang Dynasties is still relatively rare.This paper focuses on this topic,aiming to realize the systematic exploration of the tombs of the Xia and Shang Dynasties in the southern foot of Yanshan,and further understand the social outlook of the early Bronze Age reflected in the tomb content.Firstly,the paper comprehensively sorts out the reported 22 batches of burial data,involving more than 100 burials.On the basis of the research of relevant scholars,according to the two stages of the Xia to the early Shang period and the early Western Zhou period of the late Shang Dynasty,the data of tombs are analyzed in detail according to the classification level of archaeological culture and cultural community,and the characteristics,nature and age of the tombs are fully summarized,for further research.Then make full use of comparative perspective,according to the cemetery ’ s position,tomb shape,tomb direction and head direction,burial utensils and burial style,funerary objects and other elements,to discuss the tomb culture in detail from Xia to early Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty.From the Xia Dynasty to the early Shang Dynasty,according to the amount of archaeological cultural content,the Datuotou cultural tombs were analyzed as the core.On the basis of fully grasping the content of the cultural tombs,they were compared with the tombs of Zhuangke type,Li Darenzhuang type and Fenghuang Mountain,realizing a comprehensive grasp of the burial culture at the southern foot of Yanshan.In the early Western Zhou Dynasty in the late Shang Dynasty,only one culture of the third period of Weifang was involved.In view of the spatial distribution differences reflected in the culture,it was divided into two residential areas : the upstream area of Ji Canal and the downstream area of Luan River.Based on the study of the tombs in the Xia and Shang Dynasties in the southern foot of Yanshan Mountain,this paper makes a corresponding comparison with the tombs in the surrounding areas,mainly in the western Liaoning area,the Shanxi-Shanxi Plateau and the Central Plains,and further strengthens the in-depth understanding of the core research objects of the paper.Compared with the surrounding areas,especially the central plains,the social population in this region at this stage is more equal.Diachronic investigation also shows that the tomb system of Xia and Shang Dynasties in the southern foot of Yanshan Mountain tends to be perfect,and the connotation and quality of burial goods have been significantly improved,which to some extent reflects the social development and changes in cultural exchanges with the Central Plains.At the end of this paper,the general situation of the northern society in the Xia and Shang Dynasties in the southern foot of Yanshan is briefly summarized.Starting from the two stages of Xia to early Shang and late Shang and early Western Zhou,this paper summarizes the main social livelihoods of the ancestors in each stage,namely agriculture,handicraft industry,animal husbandry,fishery and hunting.Through archaeological research tomb space layout form and change,so as to explore the social organization structure and the relationship between people in Xia and Shang Dynasties.On this basis,more in-depth analysis of the social emphasis on animal husbandry tradition at that time,as well as the further understanding of the customs and aesthetic consciousness of Zhu.To sum up,this paper will help to promote the in-depth understanding of the Bronze Age culture in northern China through the overall grasp of the tombs and the social situation reflected in the Xia and Shang Dynasties in the southern foot of Yanshan.