Production And Health:the Research Of Rural Excrement Management In Shanxi Province Since The Republic Of China(1912-1965)

Excrement is not only the means of production in the agricultural system,but also the unclean thing that needs to be dealt with in the sanitation work,which has the double aspects of production and health.In the past,the research on the treatment of excrement has been discussed in the view of fertilizer and dirt.A systematic investigation on the problem of excrement under the combination of production and health is scarce.In addition,the analysis of manure problem was less intended for collectivization period,and the research object of manure cleaning was mostly urban,which didn’t analyze the same problem in rural areas,resulting in the incomplete research theme.Based on this,this paper tries to combine the above two aspects to sort out the process of manure and sanitation in rural areas of Shanxi Province from 1912 to 1965,and discusses the interaction between production and health,tradition and modern,state and society.It is found that although the farm manure with human and animal manure as the main body is an important source of fertilizer in modern Shanxi rural society,there is obvious imbalance between households and regions,which constitutes an important obstacle to the development of agriculture.In order to improve the national image and protect the health of the people,the government and intellectuals of the Republic of China began to carry out the work of cleaning up the dirt in the countryside,but their efforts were limited by the farmers’ concepts,time,funds and other factors,and the effectiveness were always weak.The fertilizer work and cleaning movement under the governance of the Communist Party of China sprouted during the revolutionary war.Due to the limited capacity of fertilizer production from 1949,the Chinese Communist Party constantly emphasized the importance of feces,and closely organized the accumulation,transportation and application of fertilizer,which promoted the agricultural yield.At the same time,the Communist Party of China intelligently made the sanitation and fertilizer work share the meaning track and the organization resources,and adjusted the contradiction between the two sides in object scope,working time and treatment method,presenting the characteristics of “health is combined with and served for production ”.It realized the conjunct development of manure work and environmental hygiene.However,history is tortuous.When the production and health work are separated from each other or even contrary to the actual situation,the treatment of excrement immediately deviates.Therefore,the treatment of rural manure in collectivization still shows a certain imbalance of time and space in the overall progress.In the highly organized fertilizer work and cleaning movement during the collectivization period,the technical norms and values of modernity were gradually popularized,and the social status of the old peasants,technical cadres,labor and health models and other groups was promoted.The realization of this kind of social change depends not only on the link between modern and traditional,but also on the significance construction between production and health work and the practical process by the Chinese Communist Party.The interaction between the state and the society was connected unprecedentedly.