Academic "Counterparty" And Qian Mu’s Research On The History Of Qing Dynasty

From the end of Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty,the Chinese nation encountered an alien invasion of "other ethnic groups replac han ethnic group",which brought a huge emotional shock to Han scholars,especially Ming survivors,and they began to reflect on the evils of Song and Ming Confucianism.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,academics in the Qing Dynasty were born in the historical background of the fierce conflicts between heterogeneous Man and Han cultures.Wang Guowei once summed up the academic development in the Qing Dynasty with the words "academics in the early Qing Dynasty is macro,academics in the mid-Qing Dynasty is delicate,academics in the late Qing Dynasty is practical".Gu Yanwu at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty set the stage for the study of the Qing Dynasty.In its heyday,the textual research style prevailed for more than sixty years.By the late Qing Dynasty,literary studies now prevailed again.Three hundred years have passed.At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,the Chinese nation once again experienced unprecedented changes in the past 3,000 years.Internal and external problems followed one after another.A generation of scholars still enthusiasm,thinking of saving the country with academics,"use the national essence to inspire the caste and increase patriotism ",The inquiry about the traditional Chinese academic culture is booming.The research on the academic history of the Qing Dynasty is an intriguing stroke in the field of Chinese academic history research.The views have emerged and the fruits are rich.The Chinese academics in transition are reaching unprecedented prosperity in the 20 th century.As the focus of the Qing Dynasty’s sudden academic success in the era of Chinese academic acupuncture,Zhang Taiyan,Liu Shipei,Liang Qichao,Hu Shi,Qian Mu,etc.responded to the wind and became a rage.As the first person to study Qing history with new ideas and new methods in the 20 th century,Zhang Taiyan wrote his first whip in the book "The Book of Calligraphy and Qing Confucianism",and he systematically sorted out and summarized the academic research of the Qing Dynasty.The reason for the study was due to the "political pressure" of the Qing court prison,which was the earliest to put forward the theory of Wu and Anhui.These views had an important influence on the study of the history of Qing Dynasty in modern times.And innovate on this basis.Liu Shipei ’s research was later carried out by Zhang Taiyan.Both Zhang inherited and developed his views on Zhang ’s views.From the perspective of mountains and rivers,he discussed the reasons why the textual research was divided into Wu and Anhui schools.The staged explanations have filled in the gaps in Zhang’s research,and further triggered the thinking of future generations.After the two,the scholar who has made the greatest achievements in the study of the history of Qing Dynasty is Liang Qichao.The article "The Academics of the Modern Times" is the beginning of his governance of the history of Qing Dynasty."Introduction to Qing Dynasty Academics" and "Chinese Academic History of the Past Three Hundred Years" Regarded as the guilin,Liang Qichao divided the traditional Chinese academic form into six stages according to their characteristics: Pre-Qin Zhuziology,Han Confucianism,Wei-Jin Metaphysics,Sui and Tang Buddhism,Song and Ming Confucianism,and textual research in the Qing Dynasty.He interpreted the academic thought of the Qing Dynasty,and proposed the theory of "reaction of science" instead of "political high pressure",pointing out that the essence of Qingxue is to develop "reaction" with the concept of "retro" and "liberation" as the means.Liang Qichao’s research is a major breakthrough in the study of the history of Qing Xue,which provided new ideas for the study of the history of Qing Xue,perfected Zhang and Liu’s views,and was more objective and fair than Zhang Liu’s theory.In the study of the history of Qing Dynasty in the first half of the twentieth century,Qian Mu’s research appeared at the latest,but later came to the fore,pushing the history of Qing Dynasty to a higher level.Examining Qian Mu ’s academic history in the study of Qing history,it is not difficult to find that there is an “opponent” in his heart.This “opponent” is mainly targeted at Liang Qichao.From the point of view,when talking about academics in the early Qing Dynasty,he did not agree with Liang Qichao’s theory that Gu Yanwu was the only way to open up Qing dynasty.He pointed out that Huang Zongxi also had the merit of opening a new style of study;he opposed Wu and Anhui’s doctrines,and put the focus of investigation on On the influence of the Wu School on the Anhui School;put forward "Every turn to benefit" and said: "When benefiting from academics,every turn will benefit from progress,but the path will change",which is completely different from Liang Qichao’s "Reaction of Science" Cognitive direction.This article intends to start from this aspect,taking Qian Mu’s academic as the academic background of the twentieth century,to study how Qian Mu constructed his own academic system with "opponents" as the target,and achieved his own academic life history.A glimpse of the glory of the study of Qing history in the first half of the 20th century.