| Background and PurposeDuring pregnancy,vitamin D not only plays an important role in the process of embryo development,but also has an important influence on the long-term neuropsychological system of offspring.Vitamin D deficiency is related to the behaviors of movement,exploration and anxiety.Vitamin D deficiency is related to the changes of brain neurochemicals such as BDNF,amino acids and transmitters.Through the intervention of vitamin D in offspring mice,this study explored the important influence of vitamin D on behavior and neurochemical substances of offspring mice,and provided theoretical basis for vitamin D supplement during pregnancy.MethodsTo establish an experimental model of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant mice.The offspring mice were divided into three groups: the low-dose diet group(group A,supplemented group),the low-dose diet group(group B,deficient group)and the normal diet group(Group C).On the 24 th and 60 th day,open field experiment,Morris water maze experiment and social interaction experiment were used to monitor the behavior of the offspring mice.At the same time,the concentrations of5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),glutamic acid(Glu),γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),dopamine(DA)and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in the brain tissue of the offspring mice were detected.SPSS 21.0 statistical software was used for analysis,the data were represented as mean ± standard deviation,and Graphpad prism 7.0software wad used for statistical mapping.ResultsVitamin D deficiency during pregnancy had a significant effect on the level of vitamin D in offspring mice.The concentration of serum vitamin D in offspring mice was 12.98±0.65 μg/L in the low dose diet group and 35.38±1.13 μg/L in the normal diet group,respectively,with a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).In the open field test,on the 24 th day,the total movement distance of the mice in the deficient group was 1044±89.21 cm,significantly less than that in the supplement group(1701.56±150.5 cm)and the normal group(1755±154.2 cm),while the duration of staying in the central area was 34.84±3.54 s,significantly higher than that in the supplement group(21.36±3.05 s)and the normal group(21.77±3.64 s),and the duration of staying around was 265.2±3.54 s,significantly less than that in the supplement group(278.6±3.05 s)and the normal group(278.2±3.64 s;)on the 60 th day,the duration of stay in the central area of mice in the deficient group was28.79±3.68 s significantly higher than that in the supplement group(17.21±2.59 s)and the normal group(18.37±1.99 s),and the duration of stay in the peripheral area was 271.2±3.68 s significantly shorter than that in the supplement group(282.7±2.54s)and the normal group(281.6±1.99 s).The total distance of 1653±141 cm in the deficiency group was lower than that in the other two groups,but the difference was not significant.In Morris water maze test,the crossing times of the three groups of mice on the24 th day were significantly higher than those on the 60 th day,showing the trend of increasing first and then decreasing,while the trend of decreasing in the deficient group was more obvious.As for platform residence time,the number of offspring mice in the three groups was more on the 60 th day than on the 24 th day,showing an increasing trend.In the social interaction test,there was no significant difference in the time of exploring the empty cage among the three groups on the 24 th day,but the contact time between the deficient group and the strange mouse(stranger1)representing the new partner was shorter than that with the empty cage,while the contact time between the normal group and the supplement group was significantly longer than that of the empty cage.On the 60 th day,there was no significant difference in the time of exploring the empty cage among the three groups.Although the contact time between the deficient group and the strange mice was slightly longer than that between the deficient group and the empty cage,the difference was not significant,while the contact time between the normal group and the supplement group was still significantly longer than that between the empty cage.As for preference,the exposure time of the deficient group mice to two strange mice on the 24 th day was significantly lower than that of the normal group and the supplement group.On the 60 th day,there was no significant difference in the time of exploring stranger1 among the three groups,but the time of contacting stranger2 was higher than that of contacting stranger1.For 5-HT,the content of the three groups of mice offspring on the 60 th day was slightly higher than that on the 24 th day,but the difference was not significant.On the24 th and 60 th day,the deficient group was significantly lower than the supplement group and the normal group at the same time point.The trends of glutamate and GABA were similar.On the 60 th day,the concentration of both in the deficient group was significantly lower than that on the 24 th day,and the concentration of both in the deficient group was significantly lower than that in the supplement group and the normal group on the 60 th day.For dopamine,the content of dopamine in brain tissue of the three groups increased slightly on the 24 th and 60 th day,but there was no significant difference at the same time.For BDNF,the content of dopamine in brain tissue of mice offspring in deficient group was significantly lower than that of mice offspring in supplement group and normal group at the same time-points,and there was no significant difference between supplement group and normal group at these two time-points.ConclusionsThe supplement of vitamin D to the offspring of mice with vitamin D deficiency can improve the level of brain neurochemicals in adolescence and adulthood.The contents of many important neurotransmitters(5-hydroxytryptamine,glutamic acid,γ-aminobutyric acid,BDNF)in brain tissue are significantly increased.The supplement can have a positive effect on the excitability,spatial cognitive ability,learning and memory ability and social behavior of the mice offspring,vitamin D supplementation in early development has an important preventive effect. |
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