Phytochemical Profiling,Antioxidant And Antiproliferative Activities Of Ficus Glumosa Stem Bark

Ficus glumosa（F.glumosa）Delile（Moraceae）is a well-known medicinal plant practiced in African Traditional Medicine（ATM）by local communities in most parts of Africa.Its biological properties remain underexplored despite its traditional uses in diseases’treatment.This study aids to establish the phytochemical profile of F.glumosa stem bark,as well as to determine its antioxidant and antiproliferative properties.The antioxidant potentials of the ethanol（crude）extracts,petroleum ether（PE）,ethyl acetate（EA）,n-butanol（n-Bu）,and water fractions of F.glumosa were evaluated using2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH）,2,2’-azino-bis-（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid）（ABTS）,and ferric reducing antioxidant power（FRAP）assays.The antiproliferative properties of the crude extracts and the four fractions were conducted using the sulforhodamine B（SRB）assay,while their total phenolic and flavonoid contents（TPC&TFC）were carried out colorimetrically.The PE and EA fractions of F.glumosa stem bark were analyzed using GC-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS,respectively.The EA fraction exhibited high potency in both DPPH and ABTS⁺scavenging with IC₅₀ values of 0.23±0.03 mg/m L,0.22±0.03 mg/m L,and FRAP potential of 2.81±0.01mg Fe²⁺/g respectively.The PE and EA fractions of 100μg/m L displayed interesting cytotoxicity of 90.26%and 84.04%against HT-29 cancer cells,and 88.38%and 82.10%against A549 cancer cells compared to the crude extracts and its fractions.Additionally,yield quantification studies showed that the EA and n-Bu fractions possessed the highest total flavonoid and phenolic yields of 274.05±0.68 mg RE/g and 78.87±0.97 mg GAE/g,respectively.The qualitative analysis detected 16 compounds from the EA fraction and 45volatile components in the PE fraction of F.glumosa.The EA fraction constituted of a phenolic derivative,12 flavonoids,and 3 phenolic acids.Cinchonain I isomer 3 was the most abundant compound with 31.76μg/g characterized in this fraction.As anticipated,no polyphenols were detected in the PE fraction.The 45 compounds identified from this fraction include 5 esters,10 alkenes,10 alkanes,one sesquiterpenoid,one diterpenoid,12 triterpenoids,2 fatty acids,one alcohol,one amide,one sterol and one unclassified compound.α-amyrin was the main component detected with peak area of14.48%followed by urs-12-en-24-oic-acid,3-oxo^-methyl ester（9.08%）.Triterpenoids accounted for the majority of the total detected compounds in the PE fraction.The compounds detected in both the EA and PE fractions are all known however they are reported in this species for the first time except for protocatechuic acid,gallic acid,catechin andβ-amyrin.The characterized bioactive metabolites in both EA and PE fractions were perhaps responsible for potent antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials displayed by the EA fraction and antiproliferative activity of the PE fraction.This study expresses F.glumosa species as a potential source of broad-spectrum phytotherapeutics for treating various infections.