| Apple is one of main economic fruits in Ningxia.Ningxia lies in the northwestern part of China and its topography is very complex.The climate and soil conditions of Ninxia show a significant zonal distribution.The fruit quality of the same variety in different ecological environments varies greatly.In order to make full uses of climate resources and rationally plan the apple planting areas,this study came up with an apple ecological zoning,using the daily meteorological data collected in 23 meteorological stations in Ningxia from 1981 to 2020,and the results of apple varieties samples as well as the survey data of soil and geographical conditions.The apple ecological zoning explored the following indices:≥10℃ accumulated temperature,annually averaged temperature,averaged minimum temperature in summer,averaged temperature during the growth period for each variety,soil type and other ecological factors,and adopted a layer-by-layer optimization method integrated with GIS technology to draw the fine zones for the main apple varieties in Ningxia.The zones include the ecologically most suitable areas,the ecologically suitable areas,the ecologically less suitable areas,the ecologically unsuitable areas,and the no cultivation areas.The samples for six main apple varieties in Ningxia(Red Fuji,Golden Crown,Red Marshal,Red Gala,Ning Delicious,Qin Delicious)were collected and then the appearance and the quality were evaluated.The quality of apple samples in different apple ecological regions was compared and evaluated using the principal component analysis.The verification results are as following:1)The similarity of the apple ecological zones between diffirent apple varities in Ningxia is very high.The ecologically most suitable areas are mainly located in Zhongwei City,Qingtongxia City,Wuzhong City,Lingwu of Yinchuan and other areas in which the annually accumulated temperature of≥10℃ is 3300～3600℃·d with the average annual temperature of around 9.0℃,and the average minimum temperature in summer of around 16℃.In these areas,the soil types are irrigated silt soil,loess soil and black loess soil.These areas have the most favorable ecological conditions for apple growth and development;The apple is not able to grow in the western and southern parts of Haiyuan,Xiji,Longde,and Jingyuan in the loess hilly region of southern Ningxia in which the annually accumulated temperatures of ≥ 10℃ is lower than 2300℃ that does not meet the thermal need of apple growth.2)The production area with the best comprehensive quality for the Ningxia Honggala apple is Ganchengzi in Qingtongxia.The area for the best quality of Red Marshal is Lingwu Farm in Yinchuan.The area for the best comprehensive quality of Jinguan(Huang Marshal)is Biandangou in Wuzhong.The area for the best quality of Ningguan is Guangwu in Qingtongxia.The area for the Qinguan apple is the Zhongning Qukou Farm.The area for the red Fuji is the Zhongning Battlefield.The clustering results of the origin of each variety are different dur to the growth characteristics of the variety.3)The quality for the apple vairities is in consistent with the apple ecological zoning results.The ecological areas with the best apple qulity for all apple variites are located in Zhongwei City and Qingtongxia City.It is recommended that the apple cultivation areas in Ningxia focus in the area in Qingtongxia and Zhongwei City to make full use of the excellent local ecological conditions to grow high-quality fresh apples. |
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