| The reserve is an important base for the conservation of wildlife and plant resources and it is of great significance to the protection of biodiversity.Establishing a reserve is the main way to protect in-situ.However,the establishment of a large number of protected areas will have discontented effects on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation.Therefore,it is necessary to scientifically and reasonably evaluate the protection effectiveness of protected areas.At present,the mainstream evaluation of protected areas is mostly at the landscape scale.This paper evaluated the protection effectiveness of Zhalong National Nature Reserve through the combination of landscape scale and species scale.It took landsat 5 TM data in 2008 and landsat 8 OLI data in 2018 as the main data source for landscape analysis and used landscape ecology,geographic information system and other methods to classify land use types in Zhalong Nature Reserve.The land use types were divided into paddy field,dry land,woodland,grassland,canal,lake,reservoir pond,rural settlement,sand,saline-alkali land and marshland.This paper analyzed its completeness and heterogeneity in landscape scale.To analyze the population composition and quantity composition,it combined the indicator group formed by the bird distribution data recorded in the field surveys in the Zhalong Nature Reserve in April,May,June,September,October in 2019 and October in 2020.What’s more,it combined the landscape and species situation of the reserve to evaluate the division of functional areas of the reserve.The conclusions are as follows:(1)The main landscape type in Zhalong Nature Reserve is marshland.The landscape types in order of area are marshland(133558.7 ha),grassland(23678.01 ha),saline-alkali land(21037.95 ha),dry land(20975.04 ha),lake(10181.61 ha),paddy field(5141.07 ha),rural settlement(1981.8 ha),woodland(1 160.46 ha),reservoir pond(737.55 ha)and canal(97.74 ha).(2)During the study period,the grassland area changed most obviously.The area decreased by 18768.9 ha which is mainly shifting to marshland.The area of marshland,saline-alkali land,paddy field.and reservoir pond increased by 1,8768.9 ha,41 1.39 ha,4703.4 ha,and 58.95 ha,respectively.Rural settlement areas.woodland.lake,canal,and dry land showed a downward trend,and the reduced areas were 27.45 ha.654.75 ha.865.26 ha,9.27 ha,and 2471.49 ha,respectively.(3)Compared with 2008.the landscape scale of the protected area has become more active,the integrity of the protected area has increased.the heterogeneity has decreased,the connectivity has increased,the number of landscapes has decreased by 542,and the patch density has decreased by 0.25.contag increased by 1.78,landscape abundance was both 10,Shannon index decreased by 0.06.Simpson index decreased by 0.07.and evenness index decreased by 0.03.(4)From the perspective of the landscape of the functional areas of the reserve,the number of patches in the core area is 163 and the patch density is 0.23.The landscape lacks paddy field disturbance patches in the core area and it has the highest integrity and the lowest degree of fragmentation.The number of patches in the buffer zone is 297 and the density of patches is 0.43.Its integrity and fragmentation are in the middle reaches of the functional areas.The experimental area is at the outermost periphery of the reserve.It has the highest number of landscapes of 595 and the highest patch density of 0.76,and the most severe degree of fragmentation.(5)This paper selected wading birds and swimming birds distributed in the wetland of the protected area,including Gruiformes.Ciconiformes,Charadriiformes,Anseriformes,Podicipediformes,Pelecaniformes,to form Zhalong wetland indicator taxa at the species scale in Zhalong Nature Reserve.The current indicator group composition of Zhalong Nature Reserve includes 35 species of 4 families of Charadriiformes,11 species of 3 families and 11 species of Ciconiformes,24 species of 1 family of Anseriformes,4 species of 1 family of Podicipediformes,and 1 species of 1 family of Pelecaniformes.Wading birds accounted for 65%of the indicator group and swimming birds accounted for 35%of the indicator group.There are 82 species in 12 families of 6 orders in total.(6)The species diversity and evenness in the core area are lower than those in the buffer zone and the experimental zone.From the core zone to the buffer zone and the experimental zone,the species richness are 7.03,10.29.and 10.99 respectively;the Simpson diversity index are 0.84,0.9 and 0.89;Shannon diversity index are 2.48,2.83 and 2.93 and evenness index are 0.59,0.61 and 0.62. |
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