| Intestinal microorganisms have a very important impact on the health and growth of its host,because they can provide nutrients for the host,improve the immune system,and regulate the development of the gastrointestinal tract.But the intestines of newborn mammals are sterile,and colonization of microbiota begins only after childbirth.The colonization process of microbiota is easily interfered by extraneous factor,such as fecal microbiota transplantation and antibiotics.Studies have shown that the early intervention on colonization could affect metabolism of body.Fecal bacteria transplantation is a method mainly used in the treatment of enteritis,while antibiotics are an antimicrobial chemical.However,the research of fecal microbiota transplantation and antibiotics mainly focused on the intestinal level,such as intestinal flora and intestinal development,while the research on the extraintestinal level is less.In this experiment,the effects of early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotic on gene expression and metabolomic profiles of liver in newborn piglets were investigated by oral administration of amoxicillin solution and maternal fecal bacteria suspension.This paper includes the following three parts:1.Effects of early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics on growth performance,organ development and serum indices of newborn pigletsThe purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics on growth performance,organ development,serum cytokines and biochemical indexes of newborn piglets.Five litters of Duroc × Landrace ×Yorkshire neonatal piglets were selected as five replicates.Nine piglets in each litter were randomly divided into antibiotic(AM)group,fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)group or control(CO)group.Neonatal piglets in three groups were fed with 3 mL amoxicillin solution(6.94 mg/mL),fecal bacteria suspension(>109/mL)and saline(0.9%),respectively,on days 1-6.During the experiment,piglets were free to access water and breast milk.Piglets were weighed on the day 1,7,14,and 21.On day 7 and 21,one piglet from each group in each litter was sacrificed.Serum samples were collected and organs were weighed.The length of small intestine was measured on day 21.The results showed that early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics had no significant effect on growth performance and intestinal length.The stomach weight of AM group was significantly higher than that of CO group,and the kidney of AM group was significantly heavier than that of FMT group(P<0.05).AM treatment and FMT treatment significantly reduced serum concentrations of cholesterol,triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol,while increased serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase(P<0.05).On the day 21,the serum concentration of IFN-γ was significantly decreased in AM group(P<0.05),and the serum level of IL-8 in FMT group was significantly higher than that in control group(P<0.05).The results reflected that early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics had no significant effect on growth performance and intestinal length of neonatal piglets.Both of the two treatments could increase the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase,decrease the serum lipid contents,and affect the serum levels of inflammatory factors,which might have an impact on immunity.2.Effects of early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics on gene expression in liver of newborn pigletsThe purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics on gene expression in liver of newborn piglets.The experimental design was the same as the Experiment 1.On day 7 and 21,one piglet from each group in each litter was sacrificed,and the liver tissues were quickly collected for transcriptome analysis.The differential gene results showed AM treatment significantly decreased the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes such as CYP1A2,ALOX12 and ACAA2 on day 7,also significantly decreased the expression of amino acid metabolism-related genes such as GPT2,ARG1,TAT,ASS1,AOC2,ALAS2,GATM and OAT on day 7(P<0.05).Meanwhile,FMT treatment significantly decreased the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes such as ALOX15 and CYP1A2,also significantly decreased the expression of amino acid metabolism-related genes such as GPT2(P<0.05).The KEGG enrichment result showed that AM treatment significantly altered biosynthesis of amino acids,arginine and proline metabolism,arginine biosynthesis,glycine,serine and threonine metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism on day 7(P<0.05).Meanwhile,FMT treatment significantly affected tyrosine metabolism,arachidonic acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism(P<0.05).These results suggested that early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics could reduce fatty acid oxidation and partial amino acid synthesis in the liver of piglets at the transcriptional level.3.Effects of early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics on metabolomic profiles in liver of newborn pigletsThe purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics on metabolomic profiles in liver of newborn piglets.The experimental design was the same as the Experiment 1.On day 7 and 21,one piglet from each group in each litter was sacrificed,and the liver tissues were quickly collected for metabolome analysis.Screening differential metabolites based on VIP>1 and P<0.05.The results showed that the concentration of arachidonic acid was significantly increased in AM group and FMT group,which was consistent with the down-regulation of ALOX15 and ALOX12 in experiment 2.It indicated that the early intervention of maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics reduced the oxidation of arachidonic acid.In addition,the concentrations of multiple fatty acids in AM group and FMT group were significantly increased,which was consistent with down-regulation of ACAA2 and CYP1A2 in experiment 2.The results showed that the early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics could reduce fatty acid oxidation.The concentrations of glutamine and asparagine were significantly increased in AM group and FMT group,and AM treatment significantly affected the pathway of arginine biosynthetic,which was consistent with the down-regulation of GPT2 and ASS1 in experiment 2.It indicated that the early intervention with maternal fecal bacteria and antibiotics could reduce the synthesis of alanine,and antibiotic intervention could also reduce the synthesis of arginine.In addition,compared with the FMT group,the alanine concentration in the AM group was decreased,suggesting that the antibiotic intervention had a more significant effect on reducing alanine biosynthesis. |
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