| Insufficient precipitation and seasonal high temperature are important factors that limit the growth of potato in the dry farming area of southern Ningxia.At present,there are few studies on the moisture,temperature dynamics and system regulation of the dry-land soil-canopy potato system In this study,two factor randomized block experiment was used to set up three ratios of furrow and ridge(30 cm,45 cm and 60 cm in ridge width,60 cm in furrow width,respectively)and four furrow and ridge with mulching patterns(Mulching plastic film on ridge+furrow covered common plastic film(DD),Ridge covered with mulch+furrow covered plant fiber fully degradable mulch(DM),Mulching on ridge+furrow covered bio-film(DS),Mulching plastic film on ridge+furrow without mulching(DB)).Using flat cropping without mulch as a control(CK),we systematically study the regulation effects of different ratios of furrow-ridge and their mulching measures on soil-potato system moisture,temperature and photosynthetic characteristics in dry farming areas.To explore its effect on soil moisture,temperature,potato canopy characteristics,yield and water use efficiency,in order to screen out the suitable cultivation model of furrow and ridge for potato growth in the dry farming area of southern Ningxia.The main research results are as follows:(1)Different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns can increase the soil water storage of the 0-100 cm layer,and the soil water storage increases with the increase of the ridge width.Among them,DD60,DM60,DS60 and DM45 were the most significant soil water conservation,which increased by 32.2%,31.5%,30.2%and 29.4%,respectively,compared with CK.Compared with CK,DM,DS,DD and DB increased by 27.8%,33.9%,32.5%and 31.2%,respectively.DM treatment had the best soil moisture conservation.(2)Different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns can increase the soil temperature in the 0-25 cm layer,and the soil temperature increases with the increase of the ridge width.The soil temperature of each treatment was the most significant in DD45,DD60,DD30 and DS60.Compared with CK,the temperature was 3.2℃,3.1℃,2.4℃ and 2.2℃.Under the different furrow and ridge treatments,the temperature insulation effect of the 20 cm layer soil at night was significant,and the temperature decrease was reduced.Compared with CK,the soil temperature decreases of DD,DM,DS,and DB were 3.0℃,3.0℃,2.9℃,3.5℃ and 4.7℃.Different furrow and ridge with mulching treatments reduced the soil temperature coefficient of variation at night.Compared with CK,DD,DM,DS,and DB treatments significantly reduced 24.9%,21.3%,26.0%,and 22.3%,respectively.(3)Different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns can improve the canopy water content and population canopy water content,and the best performance is the 60 cm:45 cm furrow ratio.In each treatment,the average canopy water content of DM60,DS30 and DS45 increased by 8.3%,6.7%and 6.5%,compared to CK,while other treatments were not significantly different from CK.The average population canopy water content was best treated with DM45,DD45,and DD60,which were significantly increased by 51.9%,51.6%,and 37.1%,respectively,compared with CK.(4)Different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns can reduce the canopy temperature and increase the temperature difference of the air canopy,and the canopy temperature decreases as the furrow width increases.The average canopy temperature of each treatment was best performed by DM45,DM60 and DS30 treatments,and it decreased significantly by 2.0℃,1.8℃ and 1.7℃,compared with CK,respectively.The air crown temperature difference of 60 cm:45 cm ditch-ridge ratio performed best.The average air crown temperature difference of each treatment was the most significant increase in DS60,DM6 and DM45 treatments.Compared with CK,it increased by 0.9℃,0.7℃ and 0.5℃,respectively.There was a significant correlation between soil water storage and canopy temperature.(5)Different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns improved the relative chlorophyll content,photosynthetic potential,photosynthetic capacity and the utilization rate of light radiation.Under the ratio of 60 cm to 45 cm,DM was the best.Different furrow and ridge with mulching can effectively increase the transpiration rate of 60 cm:45 cm of functional leaves during potato growth period,while the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and inter-cellular dioxide concentration increase with the increase of the ridge width.And DM treatment performed best.The photosynthetic potential decreased gradually with the increase of furrow-ridge ratio.The average photosynthetic potential among the treatments was the highest in DD30,DS45 and DD60,and it significantly increased by 32.3%,27.1%and 24.7%compared with CK.Different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns reduced the visible light transmittance and reflectance of the canopy.Visible light radiation transmittance decreases with increasing ridge width.Compared with CK,DS45,DD45,DD30 and DM60 significantly reduced the average visible light transmittance by 42.3%,35.6%,34.7%and 29.3%,respectively.Compared with CK,the ratio of visible radiation reflectance between furrow and ridge was 60 cm:30 cm>60 cm:60 cm>60 cm:45 cm.DD45,DS30,DM60 and DS45 were the most significant among the treatments,which were 30.2%,23.7%,22.5%and 22.5%lower respectively.The ratio of 60 cm to 45 cm was the best,and DS45 and DD45 were the most significant,which increased 13.8%and 13.6%compared with CK.The ratio of 60 cm to 60 cm was the best,and DD60,DM45 and DS60 were the most significant among the treatments,which increased 44.2%,25.6%and 23.3%compared with CK.The effects of soil water temperature and canopy moisture and temperature on potato yield formation are mainly concentrated at the seedling stage(30 days after sowing)and tuber formation to the expansion stage(90-120 days after sowing).(6)Different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns improve potato plant height and leaf area index.The plant height was the best under the DD furrow and ridge ratio of 60 cm:45 cm,and the leaf area index was the best under the DD furrow and ridge ratio of 60 cm:30 cm.Logistic model showed that the fastest growing days of each furrow and ridge with mulching treatment were longer than the control,and the growth rate was increased.The fastest growing periods of DD and DM treatments were significantly longer than CK by 7 d and 3 d,respectively,while DS and DB were longer than CK.Processing had been extended,but the difference was not significant.Compared with CK,the fastest growth period in the underground was prolonged for 5 d,9 d,5 d and 3 d,respectively.The biomass(above ground+under ground)and yield of potato under different furrow and ridge with mulching modes were higher than those of the control,and the dry matter accumulation in the above ground was higher in 60 cm:45 cm furrow and ridge than in the table.Among the treatments,DD45,DM45 and DD60 increased the most significantly,which were 51.8%,46.0%and 43.9%higher than CK.The accumulation of dry matter in the under ground increased with the furrow-ridge ratio.The average accumulation of underground dry matter was the most significant increase in DD60,DD45,DM60 and DM45 treatments,which were significantly increased by 69.7%,63.8%,61.2%And 59.6%.The number of potatoes per plant,the weight of potatoes and the rate of commercial potatoes were increased by different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns.DM30 treatment was the highest.Among the treatments,DM60 was the best,and the weight of single plant was 74.1%higher than CK,and the rate of commercial potato was 26.3%.(7)Different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns can improve potato yield and water use efficiency.The best yield and water use efficiency of potato was 60 cm:45 cm ratio of furrow to ridge.Compared with CK,DM45,DD45 and DD60 increased the yield by 40.3%,35.6%and 35.0%respectively.Compared with CK,the water use efficiency of DD45,DM45 and DS60 was increased by 49.3%,47.7%and 46.8%,while the water consumption of DD45,DD30,DS45,DM60 and DM45 was decreased 13.6%,9.2%,8.5%,8.4%and 8.2%,respectively.(8)The yield of potato increased first and then decreased with the increase of ridge width,among which DM45 treatment got higher yield.From the perspective of economic benefits and environmental protection,DM45 treatment as the environmental protection mulching material has the highest net income.It can be seen that different furrow and ridge with mulching patterns can improve the soil water and heat environment,improve the canopy photosynthetic capacity and the utilization of light energy,so as to promote potato growth and increase yield.Considering the economic benefits and environmental factors,the mode of plant fiber total degradation mulching under the furrow and ridge ratio of 60 cm:45 cm has the potential and advantage to replace the mode of furrow and ridge with mulching in improving soil water and heat environment,promoting potato growth and increasing yield economic benefits. |
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