Establishment And Characteristics Of Anthropogenic Emission Inventory Of Atmospheric Pollutants In Harbin-Changchun Urban Agglomeration

China is one of the most polluted countries in the world.After 30 years of atmospheric pollution control,the air quality has greatly improved and the PM_2.5concentration significantly decreased.However,some areas are still suffering from severe air pollution which differs notably in regional,seasonal and compounding effects.A comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of pollutants is advantageous for improving local and regional atmospheric environment management capabilities.To date,the atmospheric pollutant inventory has focused primarily on eastern,northern,and southern China,with minimal research being performed on northeastern China.The Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration（HCA）,the most northern regional urban agglomeration in China,is subject to distinctive atmospheric pollution problems and is in urgent need of new environmental management measures.Using a bottom-up estimation method,a comprehensive,high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources（e.g.,biomass burning,domestic coal combustion and cooking）has been developed for this region.Based on the inventory,the emissions characteristics,source intensity and spatiotemporal distribution of air pollutant in the aera were studied.Meanwhile,based on Principal Component Analysis（PCA）and Multivariable Linear Regression（MLR）model,an empirical formula for characterizing the relationship between the magnitude of emissions and multiple environmental indicators was obtained to decrease the time needed to assess pollutant emissions at the county-level in the HCA.The annual emissions for CO,NO_x,SO₂,NH₃,VOC_S,PM_2.5,PM₁₀,BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg,0.70 Tg,0.34 Tg,0.75 Tg,0.81Tg,0.67 Tg,1.59 Tg,0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg,respectively.Harbin and Changchun,as the most important cities in the region,had significantly higher emissions of PM_2.5,SO₂ and NO_x than other cities.For PM₁₀ and SO₂,the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7%and 49.5%,respectively,of the total emissions,while 95.3%and 44.5%of the total NH₃ and NO_x emissions,respectively,were from or associated with agricultural activities（AGR）and transportation（TRP）.Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions（except NH₃）occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities.Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM_2.5in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring（i.e.,October,November,March and April）,while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions during autumn and winter,thus suggesting SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions were the dominant sources or sub-sources in the HCA.Furthermore,based on PCA and MLR model,the air temperature,the relative humidity,electricity and energy consumption,and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA.Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management of air quality.