| Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the last century,China’s urbanization has been in a state of rapid advancement,which not only drive rapid economic development,but the expansion of urban construction land,the spatial transfer of agricultural production land and the adjustment of other land use structures.Thus,ecological security issues such as climate change,soil erosion,desertification,and biodiversity decline had been triggered,which have resulted in changes in the quantity,quality and structure of ecosystem services such as regional food production,climate regulation,hydrological regulation,soil conservation and biodiversity conservation,in turn affected the sustainable development of regional economic,social and ecological systems.With the introduction and deepening of ecological civilization construction in the new era,the new-typed urbanization has paid more attention to the regional coordination of urbanization,agricultural,and ecological functions,which requires the integration of ecological environment improvement and socio-economic development,so that the overall ecological-production-living spaces of the region could be optimized,and the high-quality and sustainable supply of ecosystem services be guaranteed,in this way,the strategic goals of long-term regional development could be achieved.From the perspective of land use/land cover change,based on the basic research of ecosystem service value accounting and relationship clarification,applying the results of ecosystem service assessment combined with the requirements of ecological civilization construction in the new era to national spatial planning and integrated land use management,not only contributes to the expansion of the theory and methods of ecosystem services research,but also the expansion of the application of ecosystem services research results.Taking Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou region in Fujian Province as an example,extending the “LUCC-ESV response” research paradigm,using the equivalent factor method to calculate the ecosystem service value,and introducing Geodetector to explore the nonlinear relationship between different types of services and describe the spatial-temporal patterns,and dividing different granularity to explore the space-temporal pattern evolution and topographic conditions characteristics of gridded ESV,could provide a basis for ecological compensation and function division in different areas.Then,further than that,using the multi-source data,coupling ecosystem service supply and demand theory and landscape ecology security pattern construction were used to establish and optimize the spatial layout of the ecological network in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou region,and to realize the application of the ecosystem service research to the development and protection pattern of the national land space.The research results and main conclusions include the following aspects.(1)The overall value of regional ecosystem services increased by 16.51% from 2006 to 2016,among which the ecological service value of forest land,wetland and water area increased significantly,indicating that the ecosystem services function in the region had been greatly improved.From the perspective of land use,the entire region still faced pressures for conflicts between cultivated land protection,construction land expansion and ecological land maintenance;The decline area of ESV was mainly concentrated in the coastal and riverside plain areas,where the acreage of wetlands,grasslands,cultivated land and water had been reduced to varying degrees,in addition,there were some scattered in the western mountains and hills.(2)In addition to the decline in the service value of food production,the value of other services had increased in varying degrees.The spatial characteristics of some types of services were similar,which the coastal area was one where ESV decreased and low value gathered.The relationship between different services was complex: the effects of interactions between ecosystem services could be different with the conversion of objects,so the core and sub-core “groups” according to the closeness among various services could be divided;in addition,the impact of the two types of ecosystem services interacting on another one was stronger than that of a single service,in particular,some services had internal trade-off effects in a specific space-time;the relationship among ecosystem services in Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou region was dominated by synergies,but food production and other services showed significant trade-offs,and trends in trade-offs/synergies between different types of services had diverse characteristics;combination with ESTD,the difference in synergies between ecosystem services was smaller and lower than that in the trade-off area.From the spatial pattern of trade-offs/synergies,the trade-offs between food production and material production were spread across the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou region,and the concentration of trade-offs among the other eight groups of services was low.(3)The association between different ecosystem services and the spatial and temporal differentiation were the basis of space-temporal pattern evolution of integrated ecosystem services,on this basis,the space-temporal pattern evolution of ESV in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou region were explored,which had three major effects.Scale effect: With the increase of grid scale,extent of ESV spatial autocorrelation had a tendency of volatility,while local low-low agglomeration feature was no longer obvious,but the loss of ecosystem services value in coastal highly urbanized areas was becoming more significant.Spatio-temporal effect: During the 10 years,the distribution of regional ecosystem service value had become increasingly concentrated;and a pattern of “two highs and one low” was also becoming more significant,which the northern high-high agglomeration area had expanded,while the southern part had turned to the southwest of Zhangzhou,while the coastal low-low agglomeration area extended along the northeast-southwest direction,gradually forming successive pieces.Topographic conditions: With the increase of relief amplitude,the regional ecosystem service value level generally rose,and the steep increase and steep drop of each unit’s value coexisted and gradually stabilized.(4)Identified landscape components such as supply area,ecological buffer zones,ecological sensitive zones,and production and living zones accounted for 41.64%,22.67%,31.58%,and 4.11% of the total area of the study area respectively.The total length of the connection area was 7407.49 km to communicate the supply and demand area.There were a total of 92 key nodes,which were important for maintaining the circulation of ecosystem services.All of these together form the landscape ecological security pattern of the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou region.Then improving the natural and artificial ecological corridors,and linking the local ecological supply and demand divisions and key nodes,so that it was proposed to construct an ecological network space optimization layout of "nine zones,four groups,one belt,nine corridors and multi-centers" to coordinate inter-regional ecological,agricultural,and urban functions.Thus,coordination of production-living-ecological function among areas could come true,and the synergetic development of the economy-ecological space could be facilitated. |
