The Evolution Of Pertamina's Role In Indonesian International Energy Cooperation(1957-1976)

Energy has a significant impact on Indonesia's politics and economy.From 1957 to1976 is an important period of innovation in the field of energy in Indonesia.During this period,Indonesia abolished the concession with strong colonial color,established a new energy cooperation mechanism,and maintained its energy sovereignty.International energy cooperation is also unfolding in twists and turns.During the Dutch East Indies period,Indonesia's energy industry was dominated by foreign petroleum companies.After the transfer of sovereignty,foreign companies still enjoy concessions.In order to establish national identity and safeguard national sovereignty,Indonesia has promoted nationalization of energy and strengthened control of the energy industry by canceling petroleum concessions and establishing and supporting national petroleum companies.Permina,Pertamin and Permigan were established as national petroleum companies.After Suharto came to power,Permina used energy as a means to create higher absolute income,obtain credit,and provide a source of funds for the Suharto regime.Permina's chairman,Ibnu,used Suharto's support to obtain the confirmation of the legality of the production sharing system,which not only has greater petroleum revenue and control,but also shaped the relationship between Indonesia and foreign petroleum companies.In 1968,Permina merged with Pertaming to become Pertamina,which enjoys great autonomy and is known as the "State within a State".In order to support the country's development and expand its own operations,Pertamina underwent a huge and complex international loan,and fell into a debt crisis in 1975.The debt crisis is an important turning point in Pertamina.Pertamina's leadership is transferred to the government,and its major decisions are made by the government.Pertamina is no longer the main tool for off-budget transactions and has basically restored its statutory role as an petroleum and gas company.From 1957 to 1976,Pertamina was an important subject of Indonesia's international energy cooperation.It took the lead in energy cooperation with other countries and acted as the pioneer of Indonesia's international energy cooperation.It not only promoted the realization of energy goals such as energy nationalization and expansion of energy control rights,but also provided important support for Indonesia's economic construction and political stability by means of energy.