| The genus Gampsocleis Fieber,1852 belongs to Orthoptera,Tettigoniidae.At present,17 species of the genus Gampsocleis have been recorded in the world and 11 species have been recorded in China.In this study,a total of 832 specimens of 6 species of the genus Gampsocleis were used as experimental materials.By integrating three methods of molecular delimitation,sound analysis and morphological characteristics comparison,the species delimitation of the genus Gampsocleis was carried out.Subsequently,based on the results of species delimitation,the genetic diversity and population dynamics of each species of the Gampsocleis genus were explored.Based on 38 mitochondrial genome data,the phylogenetic relationship,divergence time and ancestral distribution area of the genus Gampsocleis were analyzed.The main research results are as follows:1.Based on the molecular delimitation of mitochondrial COI gene,sound and morphological characteristics comparison,the genus Gampsocleis was divided into six species: G.sedakovii Fischer von Waldheim,1846;G.sinensis Walker,1869;G.glabra Herbst,1786;G.gratiosa Brunner von Wattenwyl,1862;G.fletcheri Burr,1899 and G.carinata Bey-Bienko,1951.2.The analysis of the genetic diversity and population history dynamics of 6 species of the genus Gampsocleis using mitochondrial COI gene fragments showed that,except for the low genetic diversity of the G.glabra(42 samples from 2 populations),G.sedakovii(421samples from 35 populations),G.sinensis(128 samples from 16 populations),G.gratiosa(125 samples from 9 populations),G.fletcheri(43 samples from 2 populations)and G.carinata(73 samples from 5 populations)had high genetic diversity.The results of AMOVA analysis showed that the genetic variation among the populations of G.glabra,G.gratiosa,G.fletcheri,and G.carinata was greater than within the population,while the genetic variation within the populations of G.sedakovii and G.sinensis was greater than that between the populations.The results of population dynamics analysis showed that G.sedakovii,G.sinensis and G.glabra have experienced population expansion at 0.55–0.05 Ma,0.3–0.1Ma and 0.02–0.002 Ma,respectively,but they all have a shrinking trend.The populations of G.gratiosa and G.fletcheri continue to expand slowly.G.carinata is currently undergoing population shrinkage.3.Based on the 38 mitochondrial genome data of 6 species of the genus Gampsocleis,Tettigonia chinensis Willemse,1933 and Uvaroites inflatus Tarbinsky,1932 were selected as outgroups,using Bayesian method(BI)and maximum likelihood Method(ML)to construct a phylogenetic tree.The results showed that G.glabra was unable to verify its monophyleticity due to only one individual,and all other species were proved to be monophyletic.The phylogenetic relationship was:(G.sinensis,G.sedakovii)(G.glabra(G.carinata(G.gratiosa,G.fletcheri))).4.The estimated results of the origin and divergence time indicated that the genus Gampsocleis began to differentiate in the middle of the Miocene,and its ancestors were probably distributed in the northeast region,and then spread along three routes.The first route was at 13.11 Ma.Some species spread to the northwest to form G.glabra,and then spread to North China to gradually form G.carinata,G.gratiosa and G.fletcheri.The second route was about 7.84 Ma.Due to the cold climate,some species of the genus Gampsocleis spread from northeast to east China.After the temperature rose,some species did not move back north but settled in refuges in east China,forming a distribution pattern of G.sinensis in both South and North China.The third route was at 5.71 Ma.After the climate gradually warmed up,it was suitable for the survival and reproduction of species.The species of the genus Gampsocleis spread from the northeast area to the North China,Qinghai-Tibet area,and Jianghuai area and gradually formed the current distribution pattern of G.sedakovii. |
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