| Huang-Lao Taoism was very prevalent in the early Han Dynasty.Politically,Han Dynasty adopted the Taoism view of “Governing by Inaction”;and academically,Taoism had influenced many scholars such as Sima Tan.This situation continued until the Emperor Wudi of the Han.Alchemy had also been continually developed.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was addicted to alchemy,and alchemists played an important role in events such as calendar reform and Fengshan.To study the development of astronomy in the Han Dynasty,it is necessary to consider the influence of social factors such as alchemy and Huang-Lao Taoism.Sima Qian is an outstanding historian.He inherited his father’s legacy and completed the Shiji.At the same time,he is also an excellent astronomer,and the astronomical values of Shiji is no less than its historical values.Based on the social background of Sima Qian’s time,this paper discusses the relationship between Huang-Lao Taoism,alchemy and the astronomical calendar in Shiji.The major work of this paper is divided into three parts.This paper focuses on Tianguan Shu in the first part.We study the source of the theory of astrology of Sima Qian.Investigating Sima Qian’s family learning,this paper will focus on the analysis of Tang Du and Tianwenxun,which had an important influence on Sima Qian.Then,we compare the astrological content of Tang Du’ s Xijinji,Tianwenxun and Tianguan Shu.This article finds that Sima Qian and Tang Du have an obvious mentor-disciple relationship.The lunar mansions’ astrology and the Five Star astrology in Tianguan Shu referred to some astrological views of Xijinji and Tianwenxun.However,Sima Qian paid more attention to the excessive phenomena of astronomical changes such as the direct motion,the retrograde motion,stationary state of Five Star and first appearance of Mercury,and put forward the astrological thought of “Only the abnormally astronomical changes can be used to prophesy”.This paper studies the view of the theory of Gaitian of Sima Qian in the second part.We focus on the division model of sky and the structure of the universe in Tianguan Shu,and compare the data of the synodic period of Jupiter in Tianguan Shu and Santong Li(Taichu Calendar),and use the Sky Chart software to perform simulation calculations.This article confirmed that Sima Qian is a determined Gaitian scholar.Sima Qian constructed a hemispherical universe model in Tianguan Shu,and this structure is similar to the structure of the theory of Zhoubi Jia’s Gaitian.Sima Qian had recognized the concept of “equator” and applied to the gnomon measurement method to planetary observations.Sima Qian and Tang Du supported different theories of the universe,but Sima Qian would still absorb the content of Tang Du which is beneficial to his own astronomical knowledge system.This paper studies the relationship between Sima Qian’s thought of “Tian Dao” and HuangLao Taoism in the third part.We focus on the construction process of the three books of Shiji,and compare the Taoism of Shiji and Huainanzi,Laozi and Huangdi Sijing.This paper discovers that Sima Qian’s historical goal of “study the relationship between heaven and human beings,communicate the relation between the past and the present,and develop the unique thought” can be traced back to Huainanzi.Sima Qian paid attention to the study of “Tian Dao”,and constructed a system of heaven,number and human in the three books of Shiji.The tuning system is the foundation of all things,and calendar is the basis for understanding tuning system,and astrology seeks enlightenment in the corresponding relationship between heaven and human affairs to master the changes in the world.This system is consistent with Huang-Lao Taoism thought of “understand human affairs by inferring ‘Tian Dao’”. |
