Systematics Of The Leafhopper Subfamily Iassinae In Taiwan Province Based On Morphological And Molecular Data

Iassinae belongs to Cicadellidae of Auchenorrhyncha of Hemiptera,which is one of the larger taxa in the Cicadellidae and is widely distributed in all continental zoogeographic regions of the world.This study conducted a comprehensive and systematic study on the morphological taxonomy and phylogeny of the leafhopper subfamily Iassinae in Taiwan province.We have briefly stated the history of the taxonomy and related researches in home and broad of Iassinae.Besides,in the process of these steps,we stated the methods of research,and the economic significance of this group.The study finished the search table for species,and the genitalia characteristics of the observed specimens.In addition,32 species,5 genera,4tribes are recorded include 12 new species,1 new recod tribe to Taiwan,2new record genera to Taiwan,10 new record species to Taiwan,2 new record species to China and 2 new synonyms.The new taxa and newly recorded species in China are listed below.1 New record tribes to Taiwan: Krisnini2 New record genera to Taiwan: Krisna,Gessius12 New species: Gessius nantouensis sp.nov.,Krisna taiwanica sp.nov.,Trocnadella yilanica sp.nov.,Batracomorphus anmashanus sp.nov.,Batracomorphus circellus sp.nov.,Batracomorphus hamulus sp.nov.,Batracomorphus longus sp.nov.,Batracomorphus neomatsumurai sp.nov.,Batracomorphus paramaculatus sp.nov.,Batracomorphus pingdongensis sp.nov.,Batracomorphus yangi sp.nov.,Batracomorphus taoyuanensis sp.nov.2 new record species to China: Batracomorphus erato rec.nov.,Batracomorphus juno rec.nov.10 New record species to Taiwan: Gessius verticalis rec.nov.,Gessius dentatus rec.nov.,Krisna viraktamathi rec.nov.,Krisna strigicollis rec.nov.,Batracomorphus trifurcatus rec.nov.,Batracomorphus lunatus rec.nov.,Batracomorphus curvatus rec.nov.,Batracomorphus indicus rec.nov.,Batracomorphus laminocus rec.nov.,Batracomorphus spadix rec.nov.2 new synonyms: Iassus rubiginosus Kuoh,1986,a junior synonym of Trocnadella arisana(Matsumura,1912),Trocnadella testacea Li,1995 a junior synonym of Trocnadella arisana(Matsumura,1912).In the part of molecular phylogenetic research,38 mitochondrial genome data of Cicadellidae were selected(including 3 mitochondrial genome data of1 genera measured in this experiment and 35 mitochondrial genomes data download on NCBI),furthermore a phylogenetic tree of 7 subfamilies of Cicadellidae was established.Meanwhile,34 mitochondrial COI sequences(including 3 species measured in this experiment and 31 mitochondrial COI sequence data downloaded on NCBI)were selected to establish the inter-clade phylogenetic tree of Iassinae.Based on the mitochondrial COI sequence and13 PCGs,the maximum likelihood method(ML)and the Bayesian iference(BI)were used to establish the ML tree and the BI tree,respectively.Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the characteristics of mitochondrial genomes of Iassinae,and phylogenetic analysis was also carried out.Based on the mitochondrial genome data,the phylogenetic relationship is discussed.The main findings are as follows.(1)The length of the selected mitochondrial genome of 3 representative species and 6 related species of Iassinae ranged from 14304-15392 bp.Three mitochondrial genomes that we sequenced are coded by 37 genes,and 14 genes are coded by the minority strand,and the rest of them are coded by the majority strand.There are 14 gene overlaps and 10-12 gene intervals.The A+T content of the genome data is between 79.6%-81.1%,the G+C content is between 18.9%-20.4%,and the AT-Skew value is greater than zero.Most of the start codons of protein coding genes are ATN,only ATP8 uses TTG as the start codon;most of the stop codons are TAA,a few are TAG,and only COII uses an incomplete T as the stop codon.The length of 22 t RNA ranged from58-70 bp.Except for the t RNA-S1 secondary structure which lacks the DHU arm,the other t RNAs have all have typical cloverleaf type structure.The length of 16 S r RNA ranged from 671-1010 bp,and the length of 12 S r RNA ranged from 705-776 bp.16 S r RNA located between t RNA-L2 and t RNA-V,12 S r RNA located between t RNA-V and D-loop.The length of the control area is between 915-981 bp.(2)The structure of BI tree and ML tree based on mitochondrial COI is basically the same.The 34 mitochondrial COI sequences were divided into two branches using the midpoint rooting method.The clusters of the two trees show a clear phylogenetic relationship.(3)According to the the ML and BI trees established by the maximum likelihood method and Bayesian method which based on 13 PCGS,BI tress and ML trees show a clear phylogenetic relationship and the tree shape is roughly same.The 7 subfamilies of Cicadellidae selected in this paper all formed a monophyletic group,the genera of each subfamily are grouped into one branch.Coelidiinae and Iassinae are grouped into one branch and 5genera of Iassinae are sister groups to each other to form a submonophyletic group.The polymerization method was as follows,((Krisna + Gessius)+(Iassus +(Trocnadella + Batracomorphus))).