Transcriptome And DNA Methylation Analysis Of Plasticity Between Generations In Xanthium Strumarium And X.Sibiricum

Invasive alien organisms have seriously affected agricultural development and the ecological environment,not only harming biodiversity but also affecting the normal life of human beings.In order to effectively prevent the overall invasion of alien organisms,prevent the continuous spread of alien invasive organisms,and study the mechanism of successful alien plant invasion,we use the epigenetic mechanism of plants to reveal the adaptive mechanism of invasive plants in a constantly changing environment,and then provide a theoretical basis for preventing invasion.This paper selects the exotic invasive plant Xanthium strumarium L.and the native relative Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder as the research species,and the two species were grown for three generations under four different treatments.The paper compares the differences between different species,different treatments,and different generations by using DNA methylation and transcriptome sequencing.In this way,to finally explores whether epigenetic regulation,driven by regulating gene expression,will play an important role in the rapid ecological adaptation of invasive plants and the transmission of epigenetic variation between generations.The DNA methylation sequencing results finally show that: From the perspective of methylation level,the parental generation of X.strumarium and X.sibiricum shows great differences in their parental methylation rates when they experienced relatively nutrient-deficient environments.In addition,in the comparison of the two sets of samples,which are offspring of the same high-nutrient and high-water treatment: for the offspring of parent generation which experienced a changed environment,their methylation level could not be restored to the methylation level of the offspring that had been growing in the same environment.From this it can be seen that the adaptability of the parents to the environment affects the methylation level of their offspring.In the comparison of the two treatment groups of the parent and the offspring,the offspring of X.sibiricum has a large difference in methylation level from its parent after returning to a high-nutrient environment.For X.strumarium,there was only a slight level change in the comparison of the same treatment,and even no change in the methylation level in the CHG site.Thus,it shows the impact of X.sibiricum first generation treatment is greater than the impact of parental generation,and the first generation of X.strumarium is more affected by the parental generation than contemporary environmental processing.It can be concluded that the ability to pass plasticity between generations in X.strumarium is stronger than X.sibiricum.No reference genome transcriptome sequencing results show that: The adaptability of X.strumarium to a relative lack of nutrients environment is mainly reflected in the enhancementof photosynthesis-related capabilities and adversity response and defense capabilities.It is embodied by regulating the related membrane structure,thylakoid structure,and the synthesis of secondary metabolites related to stress resistance.However,it is not clear what specific connection these have with adaptation to the environment so that further research is needed.In terms of plasticity transmission between generations,X.strumarium showed amazing transmission ability,which can be seen in the parental samples that have experienced low-level nutrient conditions.Due to nutrient stress,it produces corresponding adaptive changes,but only a significant increase in flavonoid biosynthesis has occurred.However,the progeny under the high-nutrient treatment,even without nutrient stress,can still see that in the significantly enriched pathway,the function of Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and Cutin and wax biosynthesis is increased.At the same time,the expression was significantly promoted,indicating that the parents passed the response to adversity to the offspring,and the offspring continued this adaptability.However,we have not found a good continuation of this adaptability in X.sibiricum,perhaps because X.sibiricum is greatly affected by the contemporary environment,and the adaptability to the parents is not expressed significantly.In summary,the transmission efficiency of the plasticity of X.strumarium between generations is stronger than that of the native X.sibiricum.The X.strumarium is more adaptable to a changing environment than X.sibiricum,which will facilitate its further expansion.