Seasonal Variation Of The Affiliation Between One-male Units In Multilevel Society And Agonistic Support In Female Golden Sub-nosed Monkey(Rhinopithecus Roxellana)

Asian colobines gradually evolve from a long-term natural selection.As a highly distinctive branch of colobines,Golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana)famous for their complex social organization-Multilevel society(MLS).This is structurally characterized by nuclear one-male units(OMUs)that one adult male with harems and their offsprings embedded within a larger coherent social band.They foraging,ranging and living together to form a breeding band shadowed with all male band which composed of sub-adult and solitary males.Based on this special social structure,we did the following research.(1)Unlike other MLS in non-human primates,Golden snub-nosed monkey is a typical silvan arboreal langur habiting in seasonal variation.In such social structure,there are complex affiliation within individuals and OMUs,whereas whether this affiliation will change with seasons.Thus,we would like to present and try to explain this seasonal dynamic pattern in breeding band in Golden snub-nosed monkey.(2)Agonistic support is generally considered a classical example of altruistic behavior and is easy to see agonistic support in same-sex among primates or sometimes a male who extends agonistic support to females is significantly more likely to copulate with her.However,little research focus on female agnostic support to male among primates.In this study,we investigated the relation between OMUs about grooming,agonistic support,aggression and social rank Golden snub-nosed monkey.This study initiated from October 2017 to June 2018,during this period 15 OMUs were observed and recorded in Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve,Qinling Mountains.We used data collected about Spatial proximity and distance(78106 samples)and groomimg(740samples)between individuals as well as distance(5963 samples)and aggressive-submissive(202 samples)behavior between OMUs by methods of instantaneous sampling and all occurrence sampling.Data were analysed by SPSS12.0,SOCPROG2.4,Netdraw in Ucinet 6.0 and DAVID'S SCORE used to calculate the dominance hierarchy in OMUs.The results show that(1)the distance between individuals and between OMUs in winter always longer than those in other seasons;and then focus on individuals,there had no significant difference between grooming time and seasonal variation,while on OMUs,negatively correlated between distance and temperature by using Pearson Correlation Test and aggression also changed with seasonal variations.(2)There are significant correlation between the rank of OMUs and the rate of female agnostic support.However,only two group show that obviously correlation with female agnostic support and the time getting grooming.Based on the structure of MLS,this study explored a part of the adjustment mechanism within units which provided us with a further understanding of the evolution of multilevel society.