| The kinetics for the hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen were investigated using a one litre CSTR. Reactions were done at 430{dollar}spcirc{dollar}C with a total pressure of 13.7 MPa for residence times between 0.4 and 1.9 h. A fixed annular catalyst basket was used with 78 g of industrial hydrocracking catalyst. Further runs were done at a residence time of 0.96 h with crushed catalyst, down to approximately 600 {dollar}mu{dollar}m spheres, in order to estimate the effectiveness factors for conversion reactions using the aforementioned catalyst. The effect of temperature was investigated, both with and without catalyst, for temperatures between 400 and 450{dollar}spcirc{dollar}C. One run was also done at 10 MPa to investigate the effect of hydrogen concentration on the reactions.; The product was divided into four boiling cuts: naphtha (IBP-177{dollar}spcirc{dollar}C), middle distillate (177-343{dollar}spcirc{dollar}C), gas oil (343-525{dollar}spcirc{dollar}C), and residue (525{dollar}spcirc{dollar}C+). Elemental analysis was done for carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and nitrogen on the whole product as well as on each cut. Further analysis were done for pyrrolic nitrogen for all the samples, and also for sulfides on selected samples.; The boiling cut distribution of the product was modelled using lumped first order kinetics. A four parameter model was developed to predict the boiling cut distribution as a function of the residence time. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)... |
