Effects Of Multiple Pressures On The Vulnerability Of Farmers To Poverty In Gannan Plateau

Poverty eradication is not only the biggest challenge faced by all countries in the world,but also an indispensable requirement for sustainable development.Gannan plateau,as a typical key ecological functional area and deep poverty area,is facing the severe challenge of "poverty-ecological degradation-ecological service function sharply reduced".As the maintainer and beneficiary of the ecological environment in this area,farmers are often faced with multiple pressures,which makes them easily fall into poverty.The poverty level of farmers not only affects the main function of the area,but also affects the high-quality development of the area.Based on this situation,this paper takes Gannan plateau,which is located in the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau,as an example,uses the survey data of farmers,analyzes the livelihood pressure faced by farmers of different income levels in different regions from three dimensions of environmental pressure,economic pressure and social pressure,and measures the different income water in different regions from the current income,livelihood capital,geographical factors and other aspects by using the generalized third-order minimum second multiplication of FGLS.SEM structural equation model was used to analyze the impact of multiple pressures on vulnerability to poverty of farmers.The results showed that:(1)There is an interaction effect on the livelihood pressure faced by the farmers in Gannan plateau.The most important and serious pressure is the pressure of family illness and high tuition expenses of their children.In the point development towns,the most farmers are facing "environmental pressure + economic pressure + social pressure",while in the forbidden development zones and restricted development zones,the most farmers are facing "environmental pressure + economic pressure".The most low-income farmers are facing "environmental pressure + economic pressure + social pressure",and the most middle-income and high-income farmers are facing "environmental pressure + economic pressure".(2)The pressure of family disease is the most serious in the low-income families in the point development towns.The " high expenses for children’s tuition-family illness-high expenses for building a house " faced by the middle-income families in the development zones is more serious than other pressures.The severity of the pressure of restricting the livelihood of the farmers in the development zones is much higher than that in the point development towns.(3)At present,nearly half of the farmers in Gannan plateau will fall into poverty in the next two years.At present,at least one-third of the households in the dot shaped development towns and restricted development zones will fall into poverty in the next two years;the proportion of poor peasant households in the prohibited development zones is the largest.The higher the household income level,the lower the probability of poverty.(4)The vulnerability to poverty of middle-income farmers who face different kinds of livelihood pressure is relatively high in point development towns.The vulnerability to poverty of low-income farmers who are prohibited from facing different livelihood pressure in development zones is far higher than that of middle-income and high-income farmers.The vulnerability to poverty of farmers who are restricted from facing different livelihood pressure in development zones is lower than that in other two regions.(5)Multiple pressures have an impact on vulnerability of farmers to poverty through the availability of livelihood capital.Among them,economic pressure,social pressure and environmental pressure aggravate poverty vulnerability by reducing the availability of material capital and natural capital respectively.