A Comparative Study On The Mechanism Of Pre-commercial Procurement And Public Innovation Procurement On Technological Innovation

In the context of the knowledge economy,innovation is an important means of strengthening international competitiveness.On the one hand,the establishment and improvement of the innovation policy system has become increasingly important,and the trend of the combination of innovation policies has also received extensive attention.On the other hand,there is a demand-side renaissance in innovation policies,and the use of innovative policy tools on the demand side is discussed in depth.Among many innovative policy tools,public procurement has been recognized by many countries and regions.From the perspective of objects purchased by public organizations,public procurement is divided into pre-commercial procurement(PCP)and public innovation procurement(PPI).As emerging innovation policy tools,it is of great significance to study the internal mechanism and its similarities and differences of PCP and PPI in technological innovation.First of all,this paper uses the literature analysis method to explore the policy implications of PCP and PPI.Both are innovative policy tools for the public sector in order to meet their functional needs and issue procurement tenders to increase the total supply of social innovation,but PCP purchases R&D services,and PPI purchases innovative products.PCP is essentially a supply-side innovation policy tool,and PPI is Demand side innovation policy tools.There are also differences in the implementation process between them.The PCP process includes three phases: solution design,prototype development,and testing.From the perspective of the purchaser,PPI is a procurement realization process,including demand identification,feasibility study,announcement of tender notice,evaluation and contract award,and contract monitoring.From the perspective of innovation provider,it is a innovation realization process including four stages: solution design,prototype development,field test,and innovative application.The steps of the two processes are interrelated,intertwined,and coupled to each other.Secondly,this paper compares the research topics through the theoretical construction case study method.Firstly,establishes the conceptual research model of innovation goal-innovation motivation-innovation action-innovation result.Secondly,according to the principle of theoretical sampling,Select two PCP cases: Real-time dike observation and inspection system in Netherlands,R&D procurement of The Cloud for Europe project;and two PPI cases: Provide innovative ultra-efficient lighting for Future Wards;Design and procurement of a new blood donor chair by NHSBT;Finally,based on the use of replication logic and continuous loop iteration to complete the intra-case analysis and inter-group cross-comparison analysis of PCP and PPI,the mechanism of action is obtained: goal-oriented mechanism,motivation-inducing mechanism,process control mechanism and innovation generation-diffusion mechanism,and then analyze the similarities and differences of the four mechanisms between PCP and PPI.The similarity of the goal-oriented mechanism is that both of them follow the path of establishing innovative goals to guide the smooth development of follow-up innovations.The difference is that PCP is the goal of R&D service,PPI is the goal orientation of innovative products;The similarity of the motivation-inducing mechanism is that both are driven by the innovation goal,and stimulate the innovation motivation of the enterprise through the cost-sharing effect and the demand-driven effect.The difference is that PCP is expected to generate leading technology,and PPI is motivated by anticipating the formation of a leading market.The cost-sharing effect and the demand-driven effect are different in stimulating the external motivation of the enterprise;For the process control mechanism,both PCP and PPI express feedback through staged competition control and interactive learning information to guide and adjust corporate innovation behavior.The innovation generation-diffusion mechanism is completely different.PCP realizes innovation generation through prototype integration and transaction realization effect,and PPI directly realizes innovation generation through transaction realization effect.PCP does not involve innovation diffusion,and PPI achieves innovation diffusion through learning effects and signal effects.Finally,in order to effectively play the policy role of PCP and PPI and integrate into the national innovation policy system,this paper proposes the following policy recommendations: Reasonably choose two innovative policy tools and make combinations;Establish a culture of innovation,embed innovation goals into organizational strategy,and deepen departmental cooperation through high-level political support;Improve incentive design,replace the minimum initial cost principle with full life cycle cost accounting,and strengthen innovation program risk management to stimulate public sector innovation motivation;Deepen process management,strengthen the capacity building of public purchasers,strengthen building of innovative procurement platforms,and improve the innovative intermediary system to ensure the smooth development of innovative actions;Combine with private demand,through catalytic procurement,and promote the diffusion of innovation results.