Analysis Of The Rise And Fall Of Shanxi Merchants In The Transformation Of Modern Northeast Business Pattern

After the Russia-Japanese War,Japan accelerated its invasion of the northeast of China,and then obtained the railway between Changchun to Dalian.As the The South Manchuria Railway Company had set up and Liaodong Peninsula had become the colony of Japan,Japanese Merchants and business organizations began to go into the northeast of China.Gradually the trade in the northeast of China become to export single primary products and import industrial products.The article provides the examples of Fengtian and Yingkou to study how Shanxi Merchants came into the northeast of China and how they supported and participated the trade of the northeast of China between opening the port in Yingko to 1910.The article proves that Shanxi Merchants improved their influence to economy of the northeast of China through participating all kinds of major businesses and made guarantee through autonomy of business and special currency system.So Shanxi Merchants of the northeast of China declined with internal and external conditions' changing.The writer made a Re-evaluation of how Shanxi Merchants influenced the business and finance of the northeast of China in the Qing Dynasty,especially before 1910,which makes up the short-up of the activities of Merchants of the northeast of China.Except the introduction and result,the article has three parts.The second part introduce the trade route of the northeast of China in the Qing Dynasty firstly.In the previous and medium term of Qing Dynasty,it was closed for Merchants,so trade route was mainly the road.The main line went through Shanhaiguan and got Fengtian,Jilinwula and Qiqihaer in one line.Though these cities built for military,the function for the distribution centre for business had been showed clearly.In the previous term of Modern Times,the Qing government began to welcome outer Merchants to come to the northeastof China.Because of the conventions,the commercial ports along the coast had been built,for example Yingkou,Dandong,Dalian etc.The commercial ports along the coast had become the centre for business.In the the late nineteenth century or the early in the twentieth century,the Middle East Railway and South Manchuria Railway replaced the road,so the trade route changed.Shanxi business came into the northeast of China earlier,because they had superiority before the large-scale immigration.But they transported for sale over a long distance,because of the policy restrict in the the previous and medium term of Qing Dynasty.The third and forth part study how Shanxi Merchants influenced and declined in the northeast of China.Firstly,to show how Shanxi Merchants influenced in the market,it introduces currency exchanging,accounts balancing and loan ratio of Shanxi bank,especially the Yingkou Yinlu and the system of Guoluyin.The business center were Fengtian and Yingkou.So Shanxi Merchants were very important to develop the economic of the northeast of China.The forth part shows how and why Shanxi Merchants of the northeast of China went downhill in the the late nineteenth century or the early in the twentieth century.From the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 to the Boxer Rebellion,a credit system for Yingkou Guoluyin started to fall apart.The Russia expended its power in the northeast of China,so that the currency system of the northeast of China became not well.After the Russia-Japanese War,Shanxi Merchants exchanged remittance to speculating in short-time profits,but failed.Many Shanxi banks went bankrupt.Meanwhile it made it difficult to balance account of food importing.Financial industry also influenced the business operation.Between the Russia-Japanese War and Japan's occupying Yingkou,Japan tried to abolish the system of Guoluyin.But Chinese Merchants,especially Shanxi Merchants,resisted.So Japan tried to monopolize the distribution right of currency through bank loans and build joint-stock banks.Before Mukden Incident,Guoluyin was the main tool to balance accounts of free trading in Yingkou.In Fengtian,government strove for the rights of businessgovernance and currency issue with private business organizations.After Mukden Incident,Japan almost monopolized the business and finance of the northeast of China for its military.In this process,Shanxi Merchants declined quickly.Finally,the article puts forward that dependent sovereignty can not supply independent economic policy and currency policy.Along with the formation of the single trade system,people payed more attention to short-time profit.So it was difficult to support the trade order,just with the currency policy and trading standard of their own.It was not well-controlled,when outer crisis came.Gradually Shanxi Merchants went downhill because of the crisis.